US20140009098A1

US 20140009098A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2014/0009098 A1 Banduric (43) Pub. Date: Jan. 9, 2014 (54) (76) (21) (22) (51) (52) INTERACTING COMPLEXELECTRIC (57) ABSTRACT FIELDS AND STATIC ELECTRIC FELDS TO EFFECT MOTION Inventor: Systems and methods of interacting complex electric fields Richard Banduric, Aurora, CO (US) and static electric fields to effect motion are disclosed. An example method includes producing an action force having a reaction force perpendicular to the action force by interacting Appl. No.: 13/543,688 a relative velocity electric field based on charge of a moving first charged object and a static charge on a second charged object in a different inertial frame of reference. Another Filed: Jul. 6, 2012 example method includes producing an action force having a reaction force perpendicular to the action force by interacting Publication Classification an acceleration generated electric field based on acceleration of a first charged object and a static charge on a second Int. C. charged object in a different inertial frame of reference. H02.4/00 (2006.01) Another example method includes producing an action force U.S. C. having a reaction force perpendicular to the action force by USPC .......................................................... 318/.558 interacting a scalar electric potential and Static electric field. i-A- i.e. Q3;dacios. 4-&- 4&- 4- 8 - 18-- a-- a-- ta- (--) (te-- Ege- E -- i we--- were re--- - - were were are:- - - -a-. age-- aes-- are:-- Patent Application Publication Jan. 9, 2014 Sheet 1 of 24 US 2014/0009098 A1 'o'Wire Conductor. 18-- - - -e-, -e-, -e-...si test - e.-- a-e-- a-- re--- 1e otix: KS { atheatically descried by the coscept f 3. S : : ic f e c Patent Application Publication Jan. 9, 2014 Sheet 2 of 24 US 2014/0009098 A1 al-A- --&-- a-- 8: 8: 8 - 8: 4-8-- - 8: 8-- -8: 83-, -8- S 8. 3. s 3. 8: 8 8 s i. 8: & & e s 3 s 8. s 8 g is of NC stagnetic fied is 8 sa. es s 3 : 3 : S. s 8 & 3. & S. & S. 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The work is embodied in the following differential equations based on vector calculus, which today are referred to as Max well's equations: W. D = p Gauss's law for electricity W. B = 0 Gauss' law for magnetism WXE = T Faraday's law of induction D WXF = | -- t Ampere's law 0002 These equations were derived from experiments in the late 1800's with current-carrying conductors and are opti mized to describe the electromagnetic effects from current carrying conductors. These equations were derived under the assumption that only electromagnetic fields (E and B) are physical, and that the electromagnetic potentials (p (Electric Potential) and A (Magnetic Vector Potential), are purely mathematical constructs. These equations were thought to be complete at the time to describe all electromagnetic effects that could be observed from electrical conduction and con vection currents. 0003. By the 1980s the Aharonov-Bohm effect had proven the physicality (the reality) of the electromagnetic potentials, p (Electric Potential) and A (Magnetic Vector Potential). The above equations by including only the fields and not their associated potentials end up not completely describing all the effects that are being observed from elec trical convection currents. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 0004 FIG. 1a-fillustrate electro-magnetic fields. 0005 FIG. 2 illustrates relative velocity electric fields from a charged flat conductive sheet moving edgewise. 0006 FIG. 3 illustrates relative velocity electric fields from a charged flat conductive sheet moving broadside. 0007 FIG. 4 illustrates an assembly of one rotating charged disk and one stationary disk. 0008 FIG.5 illustrates a static electric field from the rotat ing smooth disk in FIG. 4. 0009 FIG. 6 illustrates a static electric field from the rotat ing high resistance coating on the fixed disk in FIG. 4. 0010 FIG. 7 illustrates a relative velocity electric poten tial on the fixed disk from the charged rotating disk in FIG. 4. 0011 FIG. 8 illustrates a relative velocity electric field on the fixed disk from the charged rotating disk in FIG. 4. 0012 FIG. 9 illustrates a relative velocity electric field on the rotating disk from the charged fixed disk in FIG. 4. 0013 FIG. 10 illustrates one rotating disk and two station ary disks to produce a force along an axis of rotation. 0014 FIG. 11 illustrates a static electric field from the conductive coatings in FIG. 10. Jan. 9, 2014 0015 FIG. 12 illustrates the interaction angular accelera tion generated electric fields with static electric fields from the conductive coatings in FIG. 10. 0016 FIG. 13 illustrates two charged rotating cones to generate a longitudinal force on the rotating cones and a rotational force on an outer cylinder. (0017 FIG. 14 illustrates a relative velocity electric field on the rotating cones in FIG. 13. (0018 FIG. 15 illustrates a relative velocity electric field on the stationary cylinder in FIG. 13. 0019 FIG.16 illustrates embedded capacitors in a rotating disk to counteract centrifugal forces on a rotating disk. 0020 FIG. 17 illustrates electrical connections and static electric fields from the embedded capacitors in FIG. 16. (0021 FIG. 18 illustrates relative velocity electric fields on charges on the embedded capacitors in the rotating disk in FIG. 16. 0022 FIG. 19 illustrates a drag force on the embedded capacitors in a rotating disk in FIG. 15. (0023 FIG. 20 illustrates using the difference in relative velocity electric fields from a curved surface and a smooth flat Surface to generate an axial force having a reaction force that resists rotation of a rotating dual conical disk. (0024 FIG. 21 illustrates relative velocity electric fields when the conductive surfaces and the curved charged Surfaces in FIG. 20 are charged and the dual conical disk is rotating. (0025 FIG. 22 illustrates relative velocity electric poten tials and relative velocity electric fields in FIG. 20. DETAILED DESCRIPTION 0026 FIG. 1a-fillustrate electro-magnetic fields. Mag netic forces generated from current-carrying conductors are due to the effect of Lorentz contraction of moving negative charge carriers relative to the positive stationary ions. In a current-carrying conductor, the conductor appears to be elec trically neutral in one inertial system, but electrically charged in another inertial system, as illustrated on by FIG. 1a-b. In FIG. 1a, a wire conductor is shown without a conduction current. A is the distance between the negative charges from a stationary frame of reference. B is the distance between the positive charges from a stationary point of view. In FIG. 1a, A-B. In FIG. 1b, a conduction current is shown in a wire conductor from the positive charges frame of reference or the stationary frame of reference. A is the Lorentz contracted distance between the negative charges from a stationary frame of reference, and B is the distance between positive charges from a stationary frame of reference. In FIG. 1b, A-B. This effect generates magnetic forces between two current-carrying wires, attractive when electrical currents are in the same direction, and repulsive when electrical currents are in opposite directions. 0027. An electric convection current is an electric current composed of moving electrical charges that have the same inertial frames of reference. If all of the moving electric charges in an electrical current have the same inertial frame, then there is no magnetic force generated by the electric convection current. Examples of convection currents that do not generate magnetic fields are electron beams or proton beams, as illustrated in FIG. 1c-d. FIG. 1c-d show two elec tronbeams in a vacuum. In FIG.1c, A is the distance between the negative charges of beam 1 from a stationary frame of reference, and B is the distance between the negative charges of beam 2 from a stationary frame of reference. In FIG. 1c. A-B. In FIG. 1d. A is the distance between the negative US 2014/0009098 A1 charges of beam 1 from a moving electron frame of reference, and B is the distance between the negative charges of beam 2 from the moving electrons frame of reference. In FIG. 1d. A=B. 0028. Another type of convection current that doesn’t have a magnetic field is a moving charged object. If two like charged objects are moving together with the same Velocity and direction, the two charge objects do not have any attrac tive forces between one another as two conduction currents flowing through two conductors do. Instead, there is a repul sive force between the like charged objects caused by elec trostatic potentials. If the like charged objects are moving in opposite directions, still no magnetic force is generated by the objects that may be described by a magnetic field. Instead, there is a greater repulsive force between the like charged objects caused by static electric fields, and an added complex electric field from the velocities relative to one another, as illustrated by FIG.1e-f. FIG.1e-fshow convection currents of two moving charged objects, such as two positively charged square rods. In FIG.1e, A is the distance between the positive charges from a stationary frame of reference of the first mov ing rod, and B is the distance between the positive charges in the second moving rod from a stationary frame of reference. In FIG. 1e, A-B. In FIG. 1f. A is the distance between the charges from the stationary frame of reference for the moving rod, and B is the distance between the stationary charges for the stationary rod from a stationary frame of reference. In FIG. 1f. A-B. This difference is observed as a complex elec tric field that is referred to hereinas a relative velocity electric field. 0029 Maxwell's equations that describe electromagnetic fields are based on vector calculus and have terms for a magnetic field. These equations have terms to describe a magnetic field and thus are not valid to describe the complex electric fields from electrical convection currents. 0030 The original mathematical framework promoted by James Clerk Maxwell, Peter Tait, and Sir William Hamilton for electrodynamics was based on the bi-quaternion math ematical framework, or in its modern form known as a geo metric algebra or as the even subalgebra of Clifford Algebra of Rank 0.3. Maxwell's equations were originally derived by Oliver Heaviside from Maxwell's original bi-quaternion mathematical framework for electrodynamics. The following derivation is the modern derivation of the electric field and magnetic field equations from Maxwell's original bi-quater nion electromagnetic potential. The units used for the modern derivation is the same units of the magnetic vector potential of Weber/meter. Definitions of Symbols and Operators 0.031 r -> Quaternion: Xixo-ix+ix2+kx or Xixo Bi-Quaternion:X=xokiyo-Fi '(x +i) Nabla: 0032 Jan. 9, 2014 -continued v=(, () lay avay, d=Electric Potential (Units=Volts) A=Magnetic Vector Potential (Units=Weber/meter) 0033 c=Speed of Light (Units meters/second) d - = A Weber 1 meter C The Quaternion Electromagnetic Potential 0034 A = ld + i. A Weber? meter C Note: x0 = 0, iy = 0 t Tesla VA =( ow A)+i 2 at i Resulting Equations 0035 -sa A E= at - Wob Volt? meter Note: t (E)Tesla C B = WXA Tesla 1 od S = + V: A Tesla C 0036. The resulting equations are reformulated to derive the vector calculus based Maxwell's Equations. The first and second equations shown above describe the electric and mag netic fields from current carrying conductors. The third equa tion shown above is referred to as the magnetic scalar equa tion. The effects of the third equation are not observed for conduction currents, and thus have their terms rationalized to be equal to Zero to derive the Coulomb and Lorentz gauges. The reason that the magnetic scalar is not observed for con duction currents are first due to the low speeds of drift elec trons in conductors used today (usually about 1 cm/second). In addition, the units are incorrect for the magnetic scalar and Such isn't measurable with a magnetic field meter. 0037. To arrive at the correct mathematical framework for convection currents these equations are re-derived from Max well's original bi-quaternion electromagnetic potential to eliminate the terms for a magnetic field. As such, Maxwell's original bi-quaternion electromagnetic potential is converted to the electrodynamic potential having units of Volts instead US 2014/0009098 A1 of Weber/meter. To change the units, the following derivation is used, multiplying the magnetic vector potential by c (speed of light) to convert to Volts. Quaternion Electromagnetic Potential 0038 A = ld + i. A Weber? meter C CA = ld + i. CA Wolts C CA = db Wolts d = b + i.c A Volts 0039. The following conversion may be used to change all the terms into the same form. 0040 0041 0042 0043 0044 Definitions of Symbols and Operators V-Velocity Vector (Units meter/second) Q-Charge (Units-Coulombs) r=Distance to Charge (Units-meters) Conversion of c V to do pla CW 1 Witoeo Weberf meter C meter? second Note: it = cu-QV Weber: meter c A or Wolts 47tr second: meter c QV A. Wolt C ec24tr OS V Q c A Wolts c 47ter d Wolts 47ter W CA = -d Volts C 0045 Electric field equations may be derived using the following definitions: Definitions of Symbols and Operators Nabla: 0046) Jan. 9, 2014 Quaternion Electrodynamic Potential for a Moving Charged Object 0047 V d = id+ i. -d Volts C i 6 ... V Wd (i. + r. v) id+ -d Voltsimeter c. 8t c - did W V 8 V d Wdb = - - + W. -d-. f. W X - d -- il - - -W d Volts/meter it c C C 3t c2 0048. The resulting Field equations are: Electric Field Equation 0049 0 V d2 V -sa E = - - - - - W X - d - Wobo Woltmeter 3t c2 C Scalar Electric Potential Equation 0050 Ö do V S = - - - -- WX-ds Voltsfsecond it c C Potential to Charge relation Charge o = -Volts Static Capacitance Charge d = - -Wolt Dynamic Capacitance OS d Charge Wolt * Acceleration Capacitance OS Charge d Wolts Dynamic Capacitance Dynamic Capacitance Static Capacitance/Relative Velocity Geometric Gain Acceleration Capacitance–Static Capacitance/Accel eration Geometric Gain 0051. The “Potential to charge relationship' for the differ ent potentials has been experimentally determined to be dif ferent for the different terms in this equation. The reason for these differences is that the relative velocity electric fields or acceleration generated electric fields do not experience capacitance the same way that a static charge does. The rela tive velocity electric fields or acceleration generated electric fields experiences a different capacitance that is much smaller than the static capacitance, depending on the interactions of the relative velocity electric fields with the static charges due to the geometry of the charged objects. This decrease in the apparent capacitance is referred to hereinas 'gain.” because it causes the potential term in the first and second terms of the US 2014/0009098 A1 electric field equation above to be much greater than the static potential in the third term. This increase in the potential also applies to the second term of the scalar electric potential equation. This is particularly apparent in the Smooth flat con ductive Surface on the rotating ring for the example discussed below with reference to FIG. 4. In this example, an 11 inch conductive ring was charged to a potential of a +1000 volts. The ring was rotating at 3600 rpm, which gives a velocity at the edge of the ring of 50 meters/second. Without any gain the second term in the electric field equation above “(Veloc ity/c)*Potential gives the following results for this rotating disk: 50/3OOOOOOOO1 OOO=OOOO17 volts. 0.052. When an electric field meter is used to measure the electric field from the rotating ring, an increase is observed of +10 Volts (to +1010 Volts) in the electric field above the face of the ring near the edge when it is rotating, compared to when it is not rotating. This difference in the two values is referred to using the terminology hereinas a geometric gain of 59,000. The difference between the two results is due to the smaller dynamic capacitance observed in the second term in the elec tric field equation, along with the amplification of the electric field above the ring due to the non-perpendicular components of the relative velocity electric field amplifying the electric field near the edge of the disk. 0053 Again with reference to the above equations, the first electric field equation now has three terms that correctly represent the electric field for electrical convection currents. The new term of the cross product of the velocity and elec trical potential is representative of the increase of the electric field that is perpendicular to the relative motion of a charged object. This increase in the electric field is the consequence of Lorentz contraction of the moving charged object. 0054 The second scalar electric potential equation is a new potential observed as the dot product of the velocity and electric potential. This new potential is a scalar and is also due to the Lorentz contraction of a charged object. This new potential is observed as an increase or decrease in the electric potential in the direction of motion that adds or subtracts to the apparent electric potential of an object when viewed from a different inertial frame of reference. This is observed as an increase of the electric field as a charged object moves toward a stationary point and a decrease in the electric field as a charged object moves away from a stationary point. 0055. The scalar electric potential described by the second equation has two characteristics that the static electric poten tial does not. The Scalar electric potential is coupled to a point in space, whereas the static electric potential is coupled to a charge. This scalar electric potential is coupled to a point in space that does not need to have the same position as the charge creating the potential. This allows the scalar electric potential to be decoupled from the originating charge, whereas the static electric potential is an electric potential coupled to the originating charge. In addition, the scalar elec tric potential has a time component that implies that this potential may be built up over time. 0056. An action force may be generated with a reaction force perpendicular to the action force based on an interaction of complex electric fields generated from electrical convec tion currents. Production of an action force uses the interac tion of complex electric fields that produces a reaction force perpendicular to the direction of the action force. The com plex electric fields are static electric fields from the motion of charged objects (electrical convection currents) from the per spective of another moving charged object in a differentiner Jan. 9, 2014 tial frame of reference. These complex electric fields are a direct result of the Lorentz contraction from the relative Velocity of a moving static charge from the perspective of a different inertial frame of reference. This creates a situation where a moving charged object has a total electric field that is composed of a static electric field component and a complex electric field component from its relative motion. 0057 This complex electric field is composed of 4 ele ments that modify the total electric field differently depend ing on the perspective that the moving charged object has to the observer. The first component is the increase in the electric field that is observed perpendicular to the direction of motion of a charged object from the cross product of the charge on the object and the relative Velocity of the moving charged object. The second component is the added effect from the electric field from the electric scalar potential that is observed in the direction of motion of the moving charged object. The third component is the electric field created from the acceleration of the charged object. This electric field component is observed in the direction of the acceleration that is observed in all inertial frames of reference. The fourth component is the decoupled electric field from that arises from the electric Scalar potential that builds up from the perpendicular accel eration of a moving charged object that is observed in a differentinertial frame of reference from the moving charged object. These four different electric field components plus the static electric field create a total electric field from a moving charged object that is different in different inertial frames of references and different when observed from different per spectives of the moving charged object. This results in the effect where two moving charged objects with different shapes in different inertial frames of references with different perspectives of each other experiencing different electrical forces on each other from the interactions of their total elec tric fields. 0.058 Based at least in part on the above, assemblies or devices and methods are disclosed herein for the production of an action force by using the interaction of complex electric fields that produces a reaction force that is perpendicular to the direction of the action force. 0059 An example of a complex electric field interaction is the relative velocity electric fields from the cross product of the Velocity, and the electric charge from a moving charged object and the static electric field of another charged object in a different inertial frame of reference. An example assembly or device disclosed herein has rotating and stationary charged disks with different types of conducting films to generate different relative velocity electric fields while in motion. The charged disks may be arranged to exploit the difference in the relative velocity electric fields from these conductive films to produce an axial action force along the axis rotation of the disks that has a reaction force that is observed as a rotational force that resists the rotation of the rotating disk. 0060 Another example of a complex electric field inter action is the acceleration generated electric fields of an accel erating charged element and the static electric field of another charged element. An example assembly or device disclosed herein has one angled rotating disk and two angled Stationary disks arranged to exploit forces created by the difference in the angular acceleration generated electric fields and the static electric fields. This results in an extra radial force on the rotating disk that counteracts the centripetal force of the rotat ing disk along with an axial force along the axis rotation of the disks. US 2014/0009098 A1 0061 Another example of a complex electric field inter action is the relative velocity electric fields from the potential produced from the dot product of the velocity and the electric charge from a moving charged object, and the static electric field of another charged object in a different inertial frame of reference. An example assembly device disclosed herein has one charged cylindrical tube and two charged rotating cones to generate a convection current that would generate a longi tudinal force on the inner cones and a rotational force that resists the rotation of the inner cones. 0062. In another example, an assembly or device disclosed here in has embedded capacitors in a rotating disk to coun teract the centrifugal forces that the rotating disk experiences. This embodiment exploits the difference in the relative veloc ity electric field due to the cross product of the charge veloci ties for the different charged capacitor elements to generate forces that counteract the centrifugal forces. The reaction force to this force is a rotational force that resists the rotation of the rotating disk. 0063. In another example, an assembly or device disclosed here in has one rotating dual conical disk and two stationary disks to exploit the difference in the relative velocity electric fields from the cross product of the velocity and potential of a flat surface and the relative velocity electric fields from the relative velocity electric potential of the dot product of the velocity and potential of a curved surface. This results in an axial force whose reaction force is a rotational force that resists the rotation of the rotating disk. This device also exploits the relative velocity electric fields from the cross product of the velocity from the rotating disk on the outside