ADP 3-13 INFORMATION NOVEMBER 2023 DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Foreword Information is central to everything we do—it is the basis of intelligence, a fundamental element of command and control, and the foundation for communicating thoughts, opinions, and ideas. As a dynamic of combat power, Army forces fight for, defend, and fight with information to create and exploit information advantages—the use, protection, and exploitation of information to achieve objectives more effectively than enemies and adversaries do. Advancements in information technologies and increased global connectivity continue to shape how we interact with each other and how forces fight. These advancements accelerate and expand the ability of joint and Army forces to collect, process, analyze, store, and communicate information at a scale previously unimaginable. Our primary adversaries now have many of the same capabilities to employ or exploit information the same as the United States does, and they are willing to employ them during competition, crisis, and conflict. In the same way other doctrine changes as the security environment changes, so must our doctrine on the use, protection, and exploitation of information. ADP 3-13, Information, is the Army’s first publication dedicated to information. It provides a framework for creating and exploiting information advantages during the conduct of operations and at home station. It represents an evolution in how Army forces think about the military uses of data and information, emphasizing that everything Army forces do, to include the information and images it creates, generates effects that contribute to or hinder achieving objectives. As such, creating and exploiting information advantages is the business of all commanders, leaders, and Soldiers. ADP 3-13 operationalizes the two big ideas inherent in multidomain operations—combined arms and positions of relative human, information, and physical advantage. We no longer regard information as a separate consideration or the sole purview of technical specialists. Instead, we view information as a resource that is integrated into operations with all available capabilities in a combined arms approach to enable command and control; protect data, information, and networks; inform audiences; influence threats and foreign relevant actors; and attack the threat’s ability to exercise command and control. Army leaders are accustomed to creating and exploiting relative advantages through a combined arms approach that traditionally focuses on the human and physical dimensions of an operational environment. ADP 3-13 acknowledges that advantages in the information dimension complement and reinforce advantages in the human and physical dimensions. The advantages do not necessarily have to be great: small advantages exploited quickly help commanders gain and maintain the operational initiative. Combining these advantages slows threat decision making, increases its level of uncertainty, and allows Army forces to dictate the tempo of operations. ADP 3-13 provides the intellectual underpinnings that describe how Army forces will gain, protect, and exploit information advantages. But doctrine is only the beginning. The hard work begins when we incorporate these ideas into leader development, education, and training. As leaders, it is our obligation to study, understand, and implement the doctrine in ADP 3-13. MILFORD H. BEAGLE, JR. LIEUTENANT GENERAL, USA COMMANDING INFORMATION Contents PREFACE ..... v INTRODUCTION ..... vii Chapter 1 NATURE OF INFORMATION ..... 1-1 - Information Explained ..... 1-1 - Informational Power ..... 1-4 - Information in the Security Environment ..... 1-6 - Information within an Operational Environment ..... 1-8 - Threat Information Warfare ..... 1-12 Chapter 2 FUNDAMENTALS OF INFORMATION ADVANTAGE ..... 2-1 - Army Operations ..... 2-1 - Multidomain Operations ..... 2-2 - Information Advantage Framework ..... 2-3 - Warfighting Function Contributions ..... 2-6 - Information Advantages Across Strategic Contexts ..... 2-9 - Information Activities and the Tenets of Operations ..... 2-12 - Principles of Information Advantage ..... 2-14 Chapter 3 ENABLE ..... 3-1 - Enable Overview ..... 3-1 - Establish, Operate, and Maintain Command and Control Systems ..... 3-1 - Conduct the Operations Process and Coordinate Across Echelons ..... 3-5 - Conduct the Integrating Processes ..... 3-9 - Enhance Understanding of an Operational Environment ..... 3-11 - Considerations for Enhancing Command and Control ..... 3-13 Chapter 4 PROTECT ..... 4-1 - Protect Overview ..... 4-1 - Secure and Obscure Friendly Information ..... 4-2 - Conduct Security Activities ..... 4-5 - Defend the Network, Data, and Systems ..... 4-7 - Protect Considerations ..... 4-10 Chapter 5 INFORM ..... 5-1 - Inform Overview ..... 5-1 - Commander’s Communication Synchronization ..... 5-2 - Inform and Educate Army Audiences ..... 5-3 - Inform United States Domestic Audiences ..... 5-5 - Inform International Audiences ..... 5-7 - Inform Considerations ..... 5-9 Chapter 6 INFLUENCE ..... 6-1 - Influence Overview ..... 6-1 - Influence Threat Perception and Behaviors ..... 6-1 - Influence Other Foreign Audiences ..... 6-5 - Influence Considerations ..... 6-6 Chapter 7 ATTACK ..... 7-1 - Attack Overview ..... 7-1 - Information Attack Methods ..... 7-2 - Degrade Threat Command and Control ..... 7-5 - Affect Threat Information Warfare Capabilities ..... 7-6 - Attack Considerations ..... 7-7 Chapter 8 INTEGRATION ..... 8-1 - Joint and Multinational Information Advantage ..... 8-1 - Army Forces and the Information Joint Function ..... 8-4 - Army Information Activities During Operations ..... 8-5 - Information Training and Education ..... 8-18 SOURCE NOTES ..... Source Notes-1 GLOSSARY ..... Glossary-1 REFERENCES ..... References-1 INDEX ..... Index-1 Preface ADP 3-13 serves as the Army’s foundational doctrine for information. It provides the fundamental principles for considering how Army forces use, protect, and attack data and information to achieve objectives while affecting the threat’s (adversary or enemy) ability to do the same. As a keystone publication, ADP 3-13 links the Army’s applications of information to all warfighting functions and methods of warfare. ADP 3-13 is applicable to all members of the profession of arms: leaders, Soldiers, and Army Civilian professionals. It applies to Army forces during the conduct of operations as well as to Army forces performing duties at home station. This publication provides the foundation for training and Army education system curricula and future capabilities development across doctrine, organization, training, materiel, leadership and education, personnel, facilities, and policy (known as DOTMLPF-P). To comprehend the doctrine contained in ADP 3-13, readers must understand the fundamentals of multidomain operations described in ADP 3-0 and detailed in FM 3-0. They must understand the fundamentals of each warfighting function addressed in ADP 2-0, ADP 3-19, ADP 3-37, ADP 3-90, ADP 4-0, and ADP 6-0. Readers should also be familiar with applicable joint and multinational doctrine concerning information, to include information in joint operations described in JP 3-04 and allied information doctrine described in Allied Joint Publication (AJP)-10.1. Commanders, staffs, and subordinates ensure their decisions and actions comply with applicable United States, international, and, in some cases, host-nation laws and regulations when applying this doctrine. Commanders at all levels ensure their Soldiers operate in accordance with the law of armed conflict and the rules of engagement as discussed in FM 6-27. They also adhere to the Army ethic described in ADP 6-22. This publication contains copyright material. ADP 3-13 uses joint terms where applicable. Selected joint and Army terms and definitions appear in both the glossary and text. ADP 3-13 is the proponent publication (the authority) for some terms. When first defined in the text, ADP 3-13 proponent terms appear in bold italics, and definitions are bolded. For other definitions shown in the text, the term is italicized, and the number of the proponent publication follows the definition. The glossary marks ADP 3-13 proponent terms with an asterisk (*). The proponent of ADP 3-13 is the United States Army Combined Arms Center. The preparing agency is the Combined Arms Doctrine Directorate, United States Army Combined Arms Center. Send comments and recommendations by email to [email protected] on DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) to Commander, United States Army Combined Arms Center and Fort Leavenworth, ATZL-MCD (ADP 3-13), 300 McPherson Avenue, Fort Leavenworth, KS 66027-2337; or submit an electronic DA Form 2028. Introduction All warfare is based on deception. Hence, when able to attack, we must seem unable; when using our forces, we must seem inactive; when we are near, we must make the enemy believe we are away; when far away, we must make him believe we are near. Hold out baits to entice the enemy. Feign disorder, and crush him. —Sun Tzu Historically, successful commanders understood the importance of using information to create and exploit an advantage—a condition that puts a force in a favorable geographical, psychological, or moral position. They understood that knowing more than the enemy and acting effectively on that knowledge faster than their opponent provides an advantage. They understood that denying the enemy information or affecting the enemy’s ability to communicate enhances friendly chances of success. Successful commanders also understood that using information combined with action or inaction to confuse the enemy creates favorable conditions for the friendly force. Today, military operations are characterized by the continuous growth of information technologies and data science that accelerate and expand the ability of forces to process, analyze, store, and communicate data and information. Despite friendly advances in information technology and networks, threats (adversaries and enemies) can degrade joint force information advantages held in the past. Within degraded environments, Army leaders at all echelons must have the ability to develop understanding, make decisions, communicate, and act decisively. To achieve this, Army forces fight for, defend, and fight with information as part of a continuous struggle to gain and exploit advantages above and below the threshold of armed conflict. During operations, Army forces collect, process, analyze, and use data and information to understand situations, make decisions, and issue orders that result in action. They deny threats access to friendly data and information, protect decisions, and defend networks to ensure communications and enable command and control. Army forces communicate information to inform relevant audiences, correct misinformation, and counter threat disinformation. Army forces employ information in combination with physical action to influence threat decision making and behavior. They attack threat data, information, and networks to influence threat perceptions and behavior and to affect the threat’s ability to exercise command and control of its own forces. ADP 3-13 is a new publication that represents an evolution in how Army forces think about military uses of data and information in competition, crisis, and armed conflict. It represents a change in mindset based on the recognition that all activities have inherent informational aspects that generate effects which contribute to or hinder achieving objectives. Accounting for advances in information technologies and threat information warfare capabilities, ADP 3-13 describes a combined arms approach to creating and exploiting information advantages to achieve objectives. Introductory Figure 1 depicts a framework for creating and exploiting information advantages—the use, protection, and exploitation of information to achieve objectives more effectively than the threat. Within this framework, Army forces plan and execute a variety of tasks linked by purpose supporting five information activities: Enable, Protect, Inform, Influence, Attack. Introductory table. New, modified, and rescinded terms: - disinformation (ADP 3-13 becomes proponent) - information activity (new term) - information advantage (new term) - Information for effect (ADP 3-13 becomes proponent) - misinformation (ADP 3-13 becomes proponent) - technical effects (new term) Chapter 1: Nature of Information INFORMATION EXPLAINED 1-1. Information is central to all activity Army forces undertake. It is fundamental to command and control (C2) and is the basis for situational understanding, decision making, and actions across all warfighting functions. Information is the building block for intelligence—the product resulting from the collection, processing, integration, evaluation, analysis, and interpretation of available information concerning foreign nations, hostile or potentially hostile forces or elements, or areas of actual or potential operations (JP 2-0). As a critical resource, Army forces fight for, defend, and fight with information while attacking a threat’s (adversary or enemy) ability to do the same. DATA AND INFORMATION 1-2. Data is any signal or observation from the environment. An observation of an enemy force or a radar sounding are examples of data. A series of facts used for statistical analysis is also referred to data. Data is electromagnetic encoded information for repeatability, meaning, and procedural use by automated means. Data can be collected, quantified, stored, and transmitted; however, data is most useful when processed and assigned meaning by humans or human-designed algorithms (programs). 1-3. Information is data in context to which a receiver (human or automated system) assigns meaning. ASSIGNMENT OF MEANING 1-4. The assignment of meaning to data is receiver centric. 1-5. Cognitive hierarchy: Data (processed) -> Information (analyzed) -> Knowledge (judgment applied) -> Understanding. 1-6. Two models help describe factors that affect how humans assign meaning to data: Inherent informational aspects and Drivers of behavior. 1-7 - 1-8. Inherent Informational Aspects: Physical attributes, duration, location, timing, platform, size, and posture of capabilities and forces involved. 1-9. Drivers of Behavior: Attitude, Bias, Cognition, Culture, Desire, Emotion, Expertise, Instinct, Language, Memory, Narrative, Perception. 1-10 - 1-12. Automated Systems: Combinations of hardware and software functioning with limited human intervention, vulnerable to cyberspace attacks, electromagnetic attacks, and physical signals. INFORMATIONAL POWER 1-13. Informational power is the ability to use information to support achievement of objectives and create information advantages. 1-14 - 1-15. Information and the Instruments of National Power: Employed in combination with diplomatic, military, and economic power. 1-16. Joint Informational Power: Ability to exert one's will through projection, exploitation, denial, and preservation of information. 1-17 - 1-19. Information as a Dynamic of Combat Power: Employed with mobility, firepower, survivability, and leadership during armed conflict. INFORMATION IN THE SECURITY ENVIRONMENT 1-20 - 1-23. Characterized by long-term strategic competition, smart phones, internet, social media, nonstate actors, and persistent threat campaigns of influence. INFORMATION WITHIN AN OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT 1-24 - 1-27. Understood through three dimensions: Human Dimension, Information Dimension, and Physical Dimension across land, maritime, air, space, and cyberspace domains. 1-28 - 1-29. Human Dimension: People, cognitive/psychological factors, relevant actors, target audiences. 1-30 - 1-36. Information Dimension: Content, data, narratives, themes, messages, misinformation, propaganda, disinformation, information for effect. 1-37 - 1-41. Physical Dimension: Material characteristics, geography, weather, electromagnetic spectrum, communications systems, and inherent informational aspects. THREAT INFORMATION WARFARE 1-42 - 1-49. Adversary/peer threat information warfare uses cyberspace operations, psychological warfare, electromagnetic warfare, deception, and reflexive control (e.g., PRC's Three Warfares, Russian activities in Crimea 2014). Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Information Advantage ARMY OPERATIONS 2-1 - 2-3. Army forces operate in three strategic contexts: competition below armed conflict, crisis, and armed conflict across a range of military operations. MULTIDOMAIN OPERATIONS 2-4 - 2-7. Multidomain operations are the combined arms employment of joint and Army capabilities to create and exploit relative advantages (human, information, physical) to achieve objectives, defeat enemy forces, and consolidate gains. HUMAN, INFORMATION, AND PHYSICAL ADVANTAGES 2-8. Human Advantage: Individual and group characteristics (e.g., morale, will, leadership, trust, toughness) providing opportunities for friendly forces. 2-9 - 2-10. Information Advantage: A condition when a force holds the initiative in terms of situational understanding, decision making, and relevant actor behavior. 2-11. Physical Advantage: Geographic and positional advantages, combat power, and material capabilities. INFORMATION ADVANTAGE FRAMEWORK 2-12 - 2-23. The five interdependent information activities: - ENABLE: Tasks that enhance friendly C2 (improve situational understanding, decision making, communications). - PROTECT: Tasks that secure friendly data, information, and networks; denies threat access while preserving friendly C2. - INFORM: Tasks that foster informed perceptions to maintain trust and confidence of internal and external audiences. - INFLUENCE: Tasks that affect thinking and behavior of threats and other foreign audiences. - ATTACK: Tasks that affect threat data, networks, sensors, and physical capabilities used for C2 and information warfare. WARFIGHTING FUNCTION CONTRIBUTIONS 2-24 - 2-36. C2, Intelligence, Movement and Maneuver, Fires, Sustainment, and Protection all contribute directly to the five information activities. INFORMATION ADVANTAGES ACROSS STRATEGIC CONTEXTS 2-37 - 2-48. Detailed execution across Competition Below Armed Conflict, Crisis, and Armed Conflict. INFORMATION ACTIVITIES AND THE TENETS OF OPERATIONS 2-49 - 2-60. Agility, Convergence, Endurance, Depth. PRINCIPLES OF INFORMATION ADVANTAGE 2-61 - 2-70. 1. Offensively Oriented: Seize and exploit the initiative in all domains. 2. Combined Arms: Integrate all available capabilities across warfighting functions and unified action partners. 3. Commander Driven: Visualized, described, and directed by commanders as central to the operation. 4. Soldier Enabled: Every Soldier collects, assesses, communicates, and protects information. Chapter 3: Enable ENABLE OVERVIEW 3-1 - 3-2. Enhances friendly C2 through situational understanding, decision making, and communications. TASKS OF ENABLE 1. Establish, Operate, and Maintain Command and Control Systems (3-3 - 3-20): - Organize People: Staff sections, CP cells (functional and integrating), augmentation, working groups, and boards. - Organize Processes: Operations process, battle rhythm synchronization. - Establish, Operate, and Maintain Networks: Voice/data/video infrastructure, line-of-sight, PACE plans, electromagnetic spectrum deconfliction. - Organize Command Posts: CP layout, mobility, dispersion, and survivability. 2. Conduct the Operations Process and Coordinate Across Echelons (3-21 - 3-34): - Prioritize Information Requirements: Relevant information, CCIRs (PIRs and FFIRs), EEFIs. - Maintain Running Estimates. - Create, Maintain, and Disseminate the Common Operational Picture (COP). - Establish Liaisons. 3. Conduct the Integrating Processes (3-35 - 3-46): - Intelligence Preparation of the Operational Environment (IPOE). - Information Collection (plan, task/direct, execute). - Targeting (Decide, Detect, Deliver, Assess [D3A]). - Risk Management (5 steps). - Knowledge Management & Information Management. 4. Enhance Understanding of an Operational Environment (3-47 - 3-59): - Analyze operational (PMESII-PT) and mission variables (METT-TC(I)). - Identify and describe relevant human actors and automated systems. - Identify behaviors and behavioral trends of relevant actors. CONSIDERATIONS FOR ENHANCING COMMAND AND CONTROL 3-60 - 3-69. Applying Mission Command principles (competence, mutual trust, shared understanding, commander's intent, mission orders, disciplined initiative, risk acceptance); ensuring digital readiness; developing data literacy and data analytics. Chapter 4: Protect PROTECT OVERVIEW 4-1 - 4-3. Preservation of effectiveness and survivability by securing friendly data, information, networks, and intentions. TASKS OF PROTECT 1. Secure and Obscure Friendly Information (4-4 - 4-16): - Implement Operations Security (OPSEC): 5-step process (Identify EEFIs, Analyze threats, Analyze vulnerabilities, Assess risk, Apply countermeasures). - Deception in Support of OPSEC (DISO): Creating false indicators to deny critical information to Foreign Intelligence Entities (FIEs). - Camouflage, Concealment, and Obscuration: Electromagnetic masking, smoke, decoys, dispersion. 2. Conduct Security Activities (4-17 - 4-26): - Security Operations: Screen, guard, cover, area security, counterreconnaissance, countering UAS. - Physical Security: Clear zones, access control, biometrics, defensive positions. - Personnel Security Program: Clearances and sensitive position determinations. - Counterintelligence (CI): Counterespionage, CI-cyber, Threat Awareness and Reporting Program (TARP). 3. Defend the Network, Data, and Systems (4-27 - 4-41): - Cyberspace Security: Risk management framework, patching, antivirus, intrusion detection. - Defensive Cyberspace Operations (DCO) & Cyberspace Defense. - Communications Security (COMSEC): Crypto-security, transmission security, emission security, physical security. - Electromagnetic Protection (EP): Emission control (EMCON), electromagnetic compatibility, electromagnetic hardening. - Defensive Space Operations: Safeguarding PNT, SATCOM, missile warning from interference/attack. PROTECT CONSIDERATIONS 4-42 - 4-59. See yourself physically and virtually (electromagnetic, personal electronic devices, visual, radar, infrared/heat, noise, and social media signatures); see the threat and account for constant observation (nine forms of contact); employ combinations of active and passive protection measures. Chapter 5: Inform INFORM OVERVIEW 5-1 - 5-2. Maintaining trust and confidence by proactively communicating truthful, accurate, and timely information to internal and external audiences. COMMANDER’S COMMUNICATION SYNCHRONIZATION (CCS) 5-3 - 5-7. Process to coordinate narratives, themes, messages, images, operations, and actions from national to tactical levels. TASKS OF INFORM 1. Inform and Educate Army Audiences (5-8 - 5-19): - Maintain positive command climate; provide command information. - Educate Soldiers on threat influence methods, digital footprints, OPSEC, and the Army Profession (Army Values, Warrior Ethos, Soldier's Creed). 2. Inform United States Domestic Audiences (5-20 - 5-29): - Conduct public communication (news releases, media engagements, town halls). - Conduct community engagement. - Correct misinformation and counter disinformation. 3. Inform International Audiences (5-30 - 5-47): - Assure allies and deter adversaries through presence and clear messaging. - Conduct community engagement outside CONUS. - Conduct Soldier and Leader Engagement (SLE) and Civil Affairs Operations (civil-military integration). - Correct misinformation and counter disinformation internationally. INFORM CONSIDERATIONS 5-48 - 5-54. Tell the truth; balance timely release of information with OPSEC; comply with DoD Principles of Information (DODD 5122.05), law, and policy. Chapter 6: Influence INFLUENCE OVERVIEW 6-1 - 6-4. Shaping or altering the opinions, attitudes, and behaviors of threats and foreign relevant actors (U.S. domestic audiences are not targets of military influence). TASKS OF INFLUENCE 1. Influence Threat Perception and Behaviors (6-5 - 6-16): - Conduct Deception Activities: Achieve surprise; Magruder's principle; Military Deception (MILDEC), Tactical Deception (TAC-D), and DISO. - Conduct Military Information Support Operations (MISO): Conveying information to target audiences to degrade combat power, encourage surrender, reduce will to resist, and amplify battlefield outcomes. 2. Influence Other Foreign Audiences (6-17 - 6-25): - Maintain neutrality or swing unaligned audiences toward friendly support. - Conduct Soldier and Leader Engagement (SLE). - Conduct MISO and Civil Affairs Operations (civil-military integration). INFLUENCE CONSIDERATIONS 6-26 - 6-32. Deliberate versus incidental influence; language, regional, and cultural expertise; understanding legal authorities, approvals, and rules of engagement. Chapter 7: Attack ATTACK OVERVIEW 7-1 - 7-3. Affecting threat C2 systems, sensors, networks, and information warfare capabilities. INFORMATION ATTACK METHODS 7-4 - 7-25. - Physical Destruction: Fires (artillery, aviation, missiles) and maneuver raids against C2 nodes and sensors. - Electromagnetic Attack (EA): Jamming, directed energy, radio frequency emitters, antiradiation weapons. - Cyberspace Attacks: Defensive Cyberspace Operations-Response Actions (DCO-RA) and Offensive Cyberspace Operations (OCO) to deny, disrupt, destroy, or manipulate. - Space Operations & Offensive Space Operations: Deceive, disrupt, deny, degrade, destroy; Navigation Warfare (NAVWAR). - Technical Effects: Classified capabilities/programs. TASKS OF ATTACK 1. Degrade Threat Command and Control (7-26 - 7-31): - Affect threat understanding of the OE (disrupting/deceiving sensors and data streams). - Affect threat networks and systems (disintegration by targeting key nodes). 2. Affect Threat Information Warfare Capabilities (7-32 - 7-34): - Counter threat cyberspace/EW assets; expose and neutralize disinformation apparatuses. ATTACK CONSIDERATIONS 7-35 - 7-40. Timelines for preparatory activities (IPOE, target development, long lead times); precision and scalability; balancing lethal vs. nonlethal effects and risk of intelligence loss. Chapter 8: Integration JOINT AND MULTINATIONAL INFORMATION ADVANTAGE 8-1 - 8-14. Unified action; alignment with Joint Information Function tasks (Understand, Support decision making, Leverage) and subtasks; Operations in the Information Environment (OIE); addressing multinational caveats and interoperability. ARMY INFORMATION ACTIVITIES DURING OPERATIONS 8-15 - 8-26. Integration within the Operations Process: - Planning: MDMP, integrating information considerations into schemes of support. - Preparing: Refinement, rehearsals, positioning assets, checking authorities. - Executing: Dynamic adjustment via current operations integrating cells. - Assessing: Measures of Performance (MOP - task accomplishment) and Measures of Effectiveness (MOE - objective/behavior change). RESPONSIBILITIES 8-27 - 8-88. Internal, vertical, horizontal, external integration: - Activity Leads: Chief of Staff (Enable), Chief of Protection (Protect), PAO (Inform), G-3/G-39/Chief of Fires (Influence & Attack). - Task Leads & Working Groups: Table 8-1 matrix detailing G-2, G-3, G-6, G-9, G-39, OPSEC Officer, KMO, PAO, DFSCOORD roles. - Soldier Responsibilities: Accurate reporting, maintaining OPSEC, signature awareness, disciplined communication. INFORMATION TRAINING AND EDUCATION 8-89 - 8-93. Common training (digital readiness, data literacy, OPSEC, signature reduction, media resilience) and technical specialized training (CA, CI, Cyber, EW, IM, Intel, KM, MILDEC, MISO, NetOps, PAO, Space). Glossary, Source Notes, References, and Authentication Key Defined Terms (proponent to ADP 3-13): - information activity: A collection of tasks linked by purpose to affect how humans and automated systems derive meaning from, use, and act upon, or are influenced by, information. - information advantage: A condition when a force holds the initiative in terms of situational understanding, decision making, and relevant actor behavior. - disinformation: Incomplete, incorrect, or out of context information deliberately used to influence audiences. - misinformation: Unintentional incorrect information from any source. - information for effect: The use, publication, or broadcast of factual information to negatively affect perceptions and/or damage credibility and capability of the targeted group. - technical effects: One or more capabilities, activities, or programs planned, coordinated, or executed that utilize classified means to accomplish an objective or enable military operations. Administrative Details: - Date of Publication: 27 November 2023 - By Order of the Secretary of the Army: RANDY A. GEORGE, General, United States Army, Chief of Staff - Administrative Assistant to the Secretary of the Army: MARK F. AVERILL (2331813) - Distribution: Active Army, Army National Guard, and United States Army Reserve (IDN 116195, PIN 216559-000)