Toward Realistic Fusion Pilot Plants by Enabling Technology and Available Supply Chain KYOTO FUSIONEERING Presented by Satoshi Konishi CEO and Chief Fusioneer FUSION for the FUTURE Kyoto Fusioneering is a unique company that provides integrated fusion plant technology to the world developers of fusion commercial energy. - Founded in: 2019 - Team members: 100+ - Raised: $90m+ - Countries: 3 (JP, US, UK) We emphasize Energy Conversion Systems, Fuel Cycle, Nuclear Technology, and Supply Chain for the fusion energy cycle. Shareholders: Global companies' support We are supported by not only VCs, but Industry, Financials and Public. We also introduce our sponsors to other Fusion Companies to promote Fusion Supporting Funds. Investors & Partners: INPEX, SMBC Venture Capital, MOL PLUS, Kansai Electric Power Group, Kyoto-iCAP, Coral Capital, JAFCO, JIC Venture Growth Investments, Daiwa Corporate Investment, DBJ Capital, J-POWER, JGC, Global Brain, Mitsui & Co., Mitsubishi Corporation, Mitsubishi UFJ Capital, MUFG Bank. The Leadership Team: - Prof. Satoshi Konishi (Co-founder CEO, Chief Fusioneer): Co-founded Kyoto Fusioneering in 2019. Ph.D. from the University of Tokyo, 40-year expertise spanning fusion technology, nuclear design, and tritium engineering, especially ITER. Chaired Test Blanket Program for ITER since 2009. Leads Kyoto's Institute of Sustainable Science. - Prof. Keishi Sakamoto (CTO, Director, Head of Technical Development): Joined in 2021. Decades of R&D experience in plasma heating at Japan's National Institute for Quantum Science (QST). Advanced gyrotrons to world-first output energy and efficiency. Special Professor at Kyoto University, Ph.D. from Kyushu University. - Mr. Kiyoshi Seko (COO, Director): Background in strategic investments and business development at Mitsubishi Corporation and Coral Capital. Dual M.S. degrees from Kyoto University/University of Tokyo, MBA from IE Business School. - Dr. Colin Baus (Vice President of Plant Technology): Physicist with PhD at CERN (LHC, CMS experiment). Author of SCYLLA blanket design, oversees technical development of the UNITY programme. Key Philosophy: Organizing a strong team of Business, Financial and Technology; transferring senior technology and knowledge to young generation and newly joined industry. Kyoto Fusioneering's Role in the Fusion Industry: 1) Plant Integration 2) Enabling Technology (Thermal Cycle System, Hydrogen Generator, Turbine Generator) 3) Cross Cutting 4) Nuclear (Plasma Facing Components, Blanket, Tritium Extraction, Divertor, Exhaust Pumping, Isotope Separation, Detritiation) 5) Supply Chain Organization Plasma Heating (Gyrotron) System, DT Plasma core, Fuel Cycle System. Industrial Fusion Network to be Organized by KF: Mapping fusion functions, devices, components, skills/materials, and industrialization pathways: - Confinement: Superconducting coil, vacuum vessel piping, high-voltage power supply. - Heating: Neutral beam injection, radio frequency, high-voltage power supply. - Fuel supply & Exhaust: Fuel system, divertor. - Fuel production & Cooling: Blanket, cooling system, power generation. - Maintenance: Remote maintenance equipment, measurement device. - Monitoring & Prediction: Data storage device, high-performance computing, simulation. Industrialization categories: Superconducting Technology, Processing and Power Transmission Technologies, Resource Recovery & Refining Technologies, Maintenance Technologies, Monitoring/Predictive Technologies. Kyoto Fusioneering is focused on plant technologies and systems - covering the majority of systems agnostic to the plasma concepts. - Plant Engineering & Component Supply: Heat injection (Gyrotron, NBI, Waveguide), 1st loop (Blanket, Coolant, Piping, Diffusion Pump, VST), 2nd loop (Heat Exchanger, 2nd loop sys), Power generation / conversion cycle (Power gen sys, H2 gen sys, Heat utilization sys), Magnet control (PF Coil, TF Coil, Central Solenoid, Cryostat), Tritium breeding/extraction & Fuel cycle (Tritium Breeding, Tritium recovery, Tritium storage), Divertor / Exhaust Gas Sys (Divertor, Vacuum Pump, Isotope Separation, Trace Tritium recovery, Gas detritiation). - Operation Design Layer: Plasma control, System Design Tool, Key Control Sys, Monitor Sys, Heat extraction/Power generation control, Fuel control (Tritium/Deuterium). - Construction: Plant Planning / Regulation & Licensing / Fundraising (KF will lead initial core plan of plant building). - Safety engineering / monitoring (KF will lead core design of plant, such as tritium safety design, monitoring etc). Accelerating technology development - to improve the TRL of the technology to make Pilot Plants Possible: - Plasma Heating (Gyrotron): - ITER spec: TRL today 7 -> TRL 2026 9 - Higher frequency (>236GHz): TRL today 4 -> TRL 2026 7 (Market by 2026: $500M, by 2030: $1B) - Continuous wave operation: TRL today 4 -> TRL 2026 7 - Magnet Control (Coil - PF Coil): TRL today 7 -> TRL 2026 9 (Market by 2026: $100M, by 2030: $300M) - Thermal cycle system (Blanket/1st loop & 2nd loop): - SCYLLA Blanket, Molten salt (FLiBe) Blanket & Loop, Lithium Blanket & Loop, Solid Propagation Material & H Permeation Properties, Li-Pb Impurity control, Low activation ferritic steel, Tritium production simulation, SiC-H isotope permeation, Li-Pb-H behaviour, SiC Heat Exchanger, GNOME Reactors. (Market by 2026: $300M, by 2030: $700M) - Fuel cycle system (Exhaust, Tritium breeding & extraction): - High tritium compatible roughing pump, Hydrogen Isotope Separation Pump, Proton Conductor Pump, Tritium tracing, Liquid Metal Diffusion Pump, Droplet Thermal Tritium Recovery, Tritium storage. (Market by 2026: $300M, by 2030: $1B) - Power Gen / Conversion Sys (Power Generation, Hydrogen, Carbon fixation): - Innovative brayton cycle, Supercritical CO2 turbine, Biomass gasification, Membrane Reactors, Biomass carbonization. (Market by 2026: $150M, by 2030: $300M) Operating across various levels: - Pilot Plant Design & Development: Designing plasma heating, fuel cycle, and thermal cycle systems for Milestone-Based Fusion Development Program awardees; component supplier for FPP/CPP programs. - Integrated Testing: Designing and overseeing EPC of two integrated testing facilities: - UNITY-1 in Kyoto for thermal cycle (1000°C Li-Pb, Li, FLiBe loops, MHD testing, 1st electricity gen from blanket module, DIR testing). - UNITY-2 in Ontario for fuel cycle (~40g T, ~50L Li-Pb loop w/ VST, dual storage dU/ZrCo, dual ISS, Centrifugal Pellet Injection). - Plasma heating system test facility (Gyrotron, Power Supply, Waveguide, Launcher). - Engineering & Manufacturing: Suite of fusion-grade components (Gyrotrons, liquid metal blanket modules, tritium pumps, DIR, TCAP/CD isotope separation, VST). - Scientific Discovery & Experimentation: Fusion materials and manufacturing (SiCf/SiC composites, novel joining, Mo alloys, FLiBe purification, Proton Conductor Pump, RAFM steels/F82H, storage alloys). Plasma Heating System (Gyrotrons) Overview & Product Details: Capable of continuous 1 MW-class output power with high-power millimeter waves. - Pulse Width: Continuous Wave (CW) operation - Efficiency: >50% from input power to output RF - Mode Purity: >90% from TE mode to HE11 mode - Aging/Conditioning: Operated by KF - Leadtime: ~approx. 20 months - Frequency options: 28 GHz to 236 GHz (28, 35, 104, 137, 170, 203.1, 236 GHz) - Output Mode: Gaussian Beam - Power: 1 MW to 1.2 MW - Experts at KF: Keishi Sakamoto, PhD; Yosuke Hirata, PhD; Kenichi Hayashi, M.E. - Expert Advisors: Tsuyoshi Imai, PhD; Yasuhisa Oda, PhD. Gyrotron Ongoing Projects (as of Nov 2023): 1. Ministry of Economy Trade and Industry (Japan) | Qty: 1 | 236 GHz | Status: Under test at Amagasaki lab 2. UK Atomic Energy Authority | Qty: 2 | 28 / 35 GHz, 0.9 MW, 3s | Status: FAT@NIFS -> Kyoto Research Ctr. 3. European Private Fusion Program | Qty: 1 | 104 / 137 GHz, 1.0 MW, 2s | Status: FAT@QST (Dec 2023~) 4. Asian Public Fusion Program | Qty: 1 | 104/137/170 GHz, 0.8-0.9 MW, up to 300s | Status: Design Review, Manufacturing 5. U.S. DOE DIII-D National Fusion Facility (General Atomics) | Qty: 2 | 104/137/170 GHz, 1.0 MW, 10s | Status: Design Review, Manufacturing 6. KF R&D 1 | Qty: 1 | 236 GHz, 1.0 MW, CW | Status: Test 7. KF R&D 2 | Qty: 1 | 137 GHz, 2.0 MW, CW | Status: R&D Unique Integrated Testing Facilities to develop and demonstrate Integrated Pilot Plant Technology: - UNITY-1: Focus on Blanket and Thermal Cycle System. - UNITY-2: Focus on Tritium Extraction, Fuel Cycle System, and Exhaust/Detritiation. UNITY-1 Overview (Blanket and thermal cycle system facility in Kyoto, Japan): - Location: Japan (under construction) - Thermal Cycle and Blanket System: Blanket test section (1000°C LiPb, Li, FLiBe), 300 L LiPb inventory, 4T NbTi magnet, IH and surface heating for blanket module (30x30x70 cm), two heat exchangers and power conversion (first electricity generation from a blanket module). - Fuel Cycle: Deuterium injection as proxy for tritium, Tritium extraction via VST/electrochemical, exhaust pumping from vacuum vessel, DIR testing with proton conductor pump. - Materials: Compatibility in flow conditions (up to 50 L/min via 3 EMPs), FLiBe and Li piping tests, MHD testing with SiCf/SiC insulators. - Schedule: - 2023: Completion of lithium-lead loop - 2024: Start of the blanket testing campaign - 2025: MHD and hydrogen extraction testing - 2026: Start test of the power cycle demonstration Thermal Loop with liquid metal or molten salt: Developing technologies for designing and fabricating loops of several candidate breeder fluids to interface MFE, ICF, and other pulsed plasma with wet wall. Blanket materials must serve as: - Tritium breeder - Neutron multiplier - Heat extraction fluid - Blanket structural material Candidate fluids under test/development: LiPb (LiPb base loop), FLiBe (FLiBe test loop benchtop experiment sited at Kyoto University, Inconel 600), Pure Lithium (IFMIF Lithium Loop led previously by Prof. Sakamoto). Technical Development - Thermal Cycle: Renderings, engineering schematics, and photographs of thermal loop test facility components under assembly and inspection. LiPb Loop - Progress: Photographs showing progress of fabrication, piping, structural framework, and assembly of the LiPb loop test facility. UNITY-1 Thermal Cycle Key Components: - Structure - Electromagnetic Flow Meter - Dump Tank - High temperature Heat exchanger - Electrical Magnetic Pumps (EMPs) - Blower - Vapor Trap - Blanket Module Mock-up Materials developed: SiCf/SiC, Vanadium Alloy, RAFM, and Mo for flow path materials and components. UNITY-2 - Tritium Fuel Cycle: Tritium handling and management is one of the biggest challenges in fusion plants. Requirements: Continuous operation under high tritium area, tritium breeding, effective extraction of tritium, low permeability, low circulating quantity. Key Pillars: - Key 1: Tritium Extraction from Liquid Metal Loop (demonstrated in UNITY-2 via Vacuum Sieve Tray - VST) - Key 2: Plasma Exhaust (tritium compatible dry vacuum pump system, liquid metal diffusion pump for wet walls) - Key 3: Overall Fuel Cycle Design (safe, affordable, optimized fuel loop underway in UNITY-2) UNITY-2 Overview (Fully integrated DT fuel cycle including breeder interface and effluent control): - Location: Chalk River Laboratories, Ontario, Canada - Components: Tritium Extraction System tested with Tritium (~50 L Li-Pb loop), fusion reactor vacuum chamber conditions, dual storage system (dU, ZrCo), dual Isotope Separation System (TCAP, CD), outer cycle (WDS, ADS), Centrifugal Pellet Injection. - Tritium: 10 to 40 g inventory (under review), fuelling rate ~2.6 Pa m³/s. - Modelling: Dynamic fuel cycle modelling, coolant/breeder inventory, pumps, Pd diffuser, getter beds, DT delivery mechanism. - Roadmap: - 2023: Initiation (design & component testing) - 2024: Procurement (key systems & components) - 2026: Installation & planned commissioning UNITY-2 is constructed under a collaboration with Canadian National Laboratory (CNL): UNITY-2 will be housed in CNL's existing Tritium Facility at Chalk River Laboratories, Ontario (Building B215, licensed for 100g of Tritium). Facility capabilities: - Class I licensed Nuclear Facility / Class A Radioisotope Laboratory - High Level R&D Laboratory with Tritium Dispensing capability (Two IAGB gloveboxes, APE, four fume hoods) - Low Level R&D Laboratory with Gas Standards Preparation (Two walk-in fume hoods, four fume hoods, 2 APE) - Low Level Counting Laboratory (Two Liquid Scintillation Counters, two fume hoods) - Tritium Vault storage for up to 2.5 MCi (~250 g) of tritium. Kyoto Fusioneering is an enabler for all fusion energy through: - Developing critical technologies, - System Integration for Fusion pilot plants, and - Organizing fusion supply chain for commercialization.