Summary Report on BAASS UAP Analysis Capabilities BIGELOW AEROSPACE ADVANCED SPACE STUDIES November 23, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ 4 LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... 9 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... 10 2. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 13 2.1 HISTORICAL EVENTS AND STUDIES ....................................................................... 13 2.2 BAASS' TWELVE TECHNOLOGY FOCUS AREAS .................................................. 14 2.3 BAASS PERSONNEL, SOFTWARE, EQUIPMENT AND DATA WAREHOUSE ................................................................................................................. 15 2.3.1 BAASS Personnel .................................................................................................... 15 2.3.2 ANSYS Multiphysics FEA ...................................................................................... 16 2.3.3 Equipment ................................................................................................................ 16 2.3.4 Data Warehouse ....................................................................................................... 19 3. TYPES OF UAPS OBSERVED .............................................................................................. 21 4. ANALYTICAL AND NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS FOR UAP INVESTIGATIONS ........... 25 4.1 "TIC TAC" INCIDENT .................................................................................................... 25 4.1.1 Analytical Solutions of Velocities and Accelerations Associated with "Tic Tac" Performance ............................................................................................ 32 4.1.2 Summary of Analytical Velocity and Acceleration Solutions ................................. 32 4.1.3 Numerical Analysis of Compressible Flow ............................................................. 39 4.1.4 Summary and Conclusions of Compressible Numerical Analyses .......................... 46 4.1.5 Numerical Analysis of Incompressible Flow of a UAP Entering Water ................. 47 4.1.6 Numerical Analysis of Incompressible Flow of a UAP Entering Water Results ...................................................................................................................... 48 4.1.7 Summary and Conclusions of Numerical Analysis of Incompressible Flow of a UAP Entering Water Results ............................................................................ 58 4.2 ANALYSES OF SPHERICAL UAPS .............................................................................. 58 4.2.1 Acoustical Analysis of a Spherical USO ................................................................. 58 4.2.2 ANSYS Multiphysics Electromagnetic Capabilities ............................................... 82 4.2.3 Radar Cross Section Analysis of a Spherical UFO .................................................. 83 5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION ......................................................................................... 98 6. REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................... 100 SYMBOLS AND ACRONYMS ................................................................................................ 102 ATTACHMENT I - ANSYS INPUT FILES ............................................................................. 105 USO ANSYS Multiphysics Acoustics Input File Example .................................................... 105 UAP ANSYS Multiphysics RCS Input File Example ............................................................ 112 ATTACHMENT II - "TIC TAC" CFD CONTOUR PLOTS FOR PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE AND MACH NUMBER ............................................................................... 116 ATTACHMENT III - RIGHT CIRCULAR CYLINDER CFD CONTOUR PLOTS FOR PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE AND MACH NUMBER ................................................ 128 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. The UFO Pattern: A Condensed Statement of Repeated Observations (pg. 21) Figure 2. Lockheed Martin Skunk Works SR-71 Black Bird (pg. 22) Figure 3. Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk Stealth Fighter (pg. 22) Figure 4. Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit Stealth Bomber (pg. 23) Figure 5. Boeing Phantom Works B-2 Stealth X-45A UAV (pg. 23) Figure 6. Three Dimensional Rendering of a Cylindrical or "Tic Tac" UAP (pg. 24) Figure 7. Three Dimensional Rendering of a Metallic Spherical UAP (pg. 24) Figure 8. Location of the AAV during the F/A18 Intercept (pg. 26) Figure 9. FLIR in 'White Hot' Mode (pg. 30) Figure 10. FLIR in "Black Hot" mode (pg. 30) Figure 11. Tic Tac Parametric Velocities for Selected Times of Event Duration in ft/sec (pg. 35) Figure 12. Tic Tac Parametric Velocities for Selected Times of Event Duration in mph (pg. 36) Figure 13. Tic Tac Parametric Accelerations for Selected Times of Event Duration in ft/sec² (pg. 37) Figure 14. Tic Tac Parametric Accelerations for Selected Times of Event Duration in g (pg. 38) Figures 15-20. Tic Tac CFD Plots for Pressure, Temperature, Mach Number (pg. 41-43) Figures 21-25. Cylinder CFD Plots for Pressure, Temperature, Mach Number (pg. 44-46) Figures 26-33. Disc and Water Impact Simulation Geometries and Results (pg. 50-57) Figures 34-54. USO Acoustic FEA Meshes, Pressure Contours, and Radial Plots (pg. 61-82) Figures 55-64. RCS Analysis Diagrams, FEA Meshes, and Electric Field Contours (pg. 83-97) Figures 65-88. Attachment II: Additional Tic Tac CFD Contour Plots (pg. 116-127) Figures 89-113. Attachment III: Additional Cylinder CFD Contour Plots (pg. 128-140) LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Mach Regimes (pg. 32) Table 2. Velocities and Accelerations of Tic Tac for Parametric Time Durations of Event (pg. 34) Table 3. Properties of Water Used for ANSYS Harmonic Analyses (pg. 60) Table 4. Normalized radar Cross Section for a 10 m Metallic Sphere with a 1 m Dielectric Coating in Decibels for 300 MHz and 25 Elements per Wavelength (pg. 92) Table 5. Normalized radar Cross Section for a 10 m Metallic Sphere with a 1 m Dielectric Coating in Decibels for 300 MHz and 50 Elements per Wavelength (pg. 94) The purpose of this report is to summarize the field data collection, in-house databases and computational capabilities that currently reside at Bigelow Aerospace Advanced Space Studies (BAASS) for the study of advanced aerospace technology. Between 2008 and 2010 BAASS was contracted by the Defense Warning Office of the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to create, staff, and equip a new organization in order to examine and analyze the threat to national security associated with advanced aerospace technology. By selecting and modeling a few sentinel cases of encounters with advanced aerospace technology, this report demonstrates the in-house data collection, data storage and analysis resources built by BAASS under DIA contract HHM402-08-C-0072. Throughout the millennia individuals have observed and reported unexplained phenomena in the sky. Cylindrical, cigar, spherical, lenticular, triangular and ellipsoid shaped structures have been reported hovering and/or accelerating at rapid rates from a stationary position. Some of these abrupt, high speed maneuvers have been harder to explain with conventional physics, considering the inherently poor aerodynamic properties of many of these objects. Official government studies conducted from the late 1940s until around 1970 were often superficial. Since 1970, because of an absence of research funding, the study of Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP) has been characterized by cursory analysis and amateur, unscientific data collection. Over the years, there have also been numerous reports of Unidentified Submerged Objects (USO), in all bodies of water. Some USO and UAP reportedly exhibited superior performance capabilities in velocity and acceleration underwater in the absence of detectable turbulence or cavitation signatures. BAASS was contracted to investigate and analyze the possibility of a credible threat posed by UAPs, developing three core resources: 1) comprehensive portable field sensors and personnel, 2) an all-inclusive database of UAP performance capabilities and behavior, and 3) world-class computational methodology (including ANSYS Multiphysics FEA/CFD) for analysis of UAP data. 2.1 HISTORICAL EVENTS AND STUDIES From Kenneth Arnold's June 24, 1947 sighting and the Roswell incident to the New Mexico 'green fireballs' investigated by Dr. Lincoln La Paz, Project Twinkle, Project Sign, Project Grudge, and Project Blue Book, military and scientific inquiries have examined anomalous phenomena. In 1969, following the Condon Report, Project Blue Book was closed. BAASS aims to be the leading force in rigorous scientific analysis. 2.2 BAASS' TWELVE TECHNOLOGY FOCUS AREAS 1. Lift 2. Propulsion 3. Control 4. Power Generation 5. Spatial Temporal Translation 6. Materials 7. Configuration, Structure 8. Signature Reduction 9. Human Interface 10. Human Effects 11. Armament 12. Other Peripheral Areas 2.3 BAASS PERSONNEL, SOFTWARE, EQUIPMENT AND DATA WAREHOUSE BAASS maintains multidisciplinary personnel, an expandable 12-core HP server (48 GB RAM, 1 TB storage) running ANSYS Multiphysics FEA/CFD, advanced field investigative gear (Canon 5D MK II, Sony A350, HDV cameras, ATT PVS-7 Night Vision, Oasys UTM Thermal Monoculars, Leica Rangemasters, TSCM equipment), and scientific diagnostic equipment (Veho and Celestron Digital Microscopes, Niton XL3t 900S GOLDD XRF Analyzer, Colibri TTC Handheld Dose Rate Meter, Aaronia Handheld Spectrum Analyzers). Project CAPELLA Data Warehouse incorporates the Vallee-Davis Six Layer Model (Physical, Anti-Physical, Psychological, Physiological, Psychic, Cultural) and hosts 11 distinct databases: NIDS, Dominique Weinstein's Pilot Database, Sign/Grudge/Blue Book, UFOCAT, MUFON CMS, Project Colares, Canadian Release, UK Release, BAASS Database, Utah Ranch Database, and Post-Utah Ranch Effects Database. Aeronautical engineer Paul Hill (1995) and Dr. Jacques Vallée (1998) provided foundational quantitative frameworks for analyzing UAP performance, optical power, and geometry. Configurations include domed/lenticular saucers, flat-topped straw hats, double hats, conical hats, spheres, Saturn-shapes, ellipsoids, giant cigars/cylinders, dirigibles, and triangles/boomerangs. While conventional stealth aircraft (SR-71, F-117, B-2, X-45A) account for some sightings, unconventional geometries exhibiting hovering and hyper-acceleration are the primary focus of BAASS modeling. During 10-16 November 2004, the Nimitz Carrier Strike Group (CSG) operated off the California/Mexico coast. The USS Princeton detected multiple Anomalous Aerial Vehicles (AAVs) descending rapidly from >60,000 ft to ~50 ft in seconds, hovering, and departing at high velocities. On 14 November 2004, two F/A-18Fs (FastEagle flight piloted by CDR David Fravor and LT Joshua Appezzato) were vectored to intercept. They observed a 46-foot solid white, wingless, cylindrical 'Tic Tac' shaped object hovering over a localized ocean disturbance (frothy, boiling water 50-100 m wide). When intercepted, the object mirrored the jet's maneuvers, accelerated rapidly at supersonic speed, and relocated to the CAP point 60 miles away within seconds. A second flight with WSO LT Underwood recorded the craft on FLIR. 4.1.1 & 4.1.2 Analytical Velocity and Acceleration Solutions: For a descent of 60,000 ft (11.36 miles) over parametric durations of Δt = 0.5 to 10.0 s: - At Δt = 0.5 s: Average Velocity = 120,000 ft/s (81,818 mph, Mach 107.5), Acceleration = 240,000 ft/s² (7,453 g) - At Δt = 1.0 s: Average Velocity = 60,000 ft/s (40,909 mph, Mach 53.7), Acceleration = 60,000 ft/s² (1,863 g) - At Δt = 5.0 s: Average Velocity = 12,000 ft/s (8,182 mph, Mach 10.7), Deceleration = 2,400 ft/s² (75 g) - At Δt = 10.0 s: Average Velocity = 6,000 ft/s (4,091 mph, Mach 5.4), Acceleration = 600 ft/s² (19 g) Such extreme accelerations would require inertial/acceleration manipulation to ensure pilot survival. 4.1.3 & 4.1.4 Compressible Flow Analysis: Using ANSYS CFX, steady-state compressible Navier-Stokes equations were solved for 1/6-scale Tic Tac and flat-faced cylinder geometries at 223 K ambient temperature from 100 to 1500 mph. At supersonic speeds (≥700 mph), detached shockwaves, extreme nose stagnation pressure, and elevated wake temperatures were characterized, demonstrating standard aerodynamic behavior in the absence of exotic drag-reduction or lift fields. A multiphase transient simulation in ANSYS CFX modeled a solid disc-shaped UAP entering water at 5 m/s from 10 feet above sea level at 25°C. The volume fraction of liquid/air and pressure fields accurately reproduced the formation of surface impact waves, radially expanding concentric ripple effects, and splashing, establishing baseline hydrodynamic disturbance patterns for comparing witness observations of transmedium UAP/USO transitions. 4.2.1 Acoustical Analysis of a Spherical USO: Motivated by historical transmedium cases such as the 1967 Shag Harbour incident, a 1/100th scale, 1/4 symmetry harmonic acoustic wave model of a 10-meter radiating sphere was analyzed in ANSYS for frequencies from 1,000 Hz to 10,000 Hz in water (c = 1,500 m/s, ρ = 1,000 kg/m³). Results matched analytical Hankel function solutions, demonstrating inverse-square pressure decay and providing signatures for potential naval sonar detection. 4.2.2 & 4.2.3 Radar Cross Section (RCS) Analysis: Using Maxwell's equations in ANSYS full-wave electromagnetic solver (HF119 elements), a 10-meter metallic sphere with a 1-meter dielectric coating (εr = 4) was analyzed at 300 MHz (UHF band). Normalized RCS vs. observation angle (θ = 0° to 180°) was computed across 25 and 50 elements per wavelength, demonstrating mesh independence and revealing significant forward scattering and backscatter reduction characteristics. BAASS has established advanced computational FEA, CFD, acoustic, and electromagnetic modeling pipelines combined with field investigation tools and extensive databases to assess the performance, signatures, and potential threat of UAP and USO technologies. These tools enable rigorous physics-based evaluation of reported maneuvers, transmedium travel, and stealth capabilities, laying groundwork for future aerospace propulsion and national security threat assessments. Key references include works on compressible gas dynamics (Anderson, Zucker), boundary layer theory (Schlichting), UAP physics (Hill, Vallee & Davis), and radiation transport (MCNP). Complete lists of physical symbols, mathematical constants, and ANSYS APDL batch input scripts (Attachment I) for acoustic and electromagnetic RCS simulations are provided.