A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON ANTI-GRAVITY TECHNOLOGY Amy Eskridge President The Institute for Exotic Science >> CEO HoloChron LLC >> --- PAGE BREAK --- A Public Benefit Corporation specializing in quantum computing, gravity modification, metamaterial science and communications. Huntsville-based with international co-founders and collaborators. INSTITUTEFOREXOTICSCIENCE.COM --- PAGE BREAK --- Amy Shantel Nate Sam Reid Richard Paul Eskridge Butler Klose Gov’t Affairs Eskridge Handy Director President R&D Director Creative Professor Sr. EE Director Emeritus --- PAGE BREAK --- Amy Eskridge CEO, Co-founder Chemist, Entrepreneur Richard Eskridge CTO, Co-founder Retired NASA Huntsville-based father-daughter Engineer, Scientist company with expertise in gravity modification research & development. --- PAGE BREAK --- Gravity and Antigravity - Definitions - Gravity: a fundamental physical force that is responsible for interactions which occur because of mass between particles, between aggregations of matter (such as stars and planets), and between particles (such as photons) and aggregations of matter, that is 10-39 times the strength of the strong force, and that extends over infinite distances but is dominant over macroscopic distances especially between aggregations of matter - Antigravity: Reducing, canceling, or protecting against the effect of gravity --- PAGE BREAK --- Gravity - The Basics - Copernicus published theory of heliocentricity in 1543. - Johannes Kepler first described the Laws of Planetary motion in early 1600’s. - Newton published the Universal Law of Gravitation in 1686. - - Gravity follows an inverse squared relationship with force and distance: F ~ 1/d2. grav - First measurement of gravitational force by Henry Canvendish in 1790’s. - Einstein published general relativity in 1916. --- PAGE BREAK --- What does Relativity Have to Say? - Gravity: a force or a deformation in space-time? - Antigravity: “impossible” according to General Relativity without negative mass. - Relativity and Newtonian Gravity agree re: negative mass generating a repulsive force. - Standard Model of Particle Physics does not include negative mass. --- PAGE BREAK --- Unified Field Theory - Four forces: gravity (graviton?), electromagnetism (photon), strong (gluon) and weak nuclear forces (W and Z bosons). - Latter three are unified, gravity remains unexplained. - “Graviton” postulated to be required to unify in 1934 by Soviet physicists Dmitrii Blokhintsev and F. Gal'perin - Gravity… is it quantized??? - --- PAGE BREAK --- Anti-Gravity Research The Early Days --- PAGE BREAK --- Brown’s Gravitator (1920’s) - Thomas Townsend Brown (Biefeld-Brown effect) - Coined the term “electrogravitics” - High voltages w/ asymmetric high dielectric fields (asymmetric capacitance) - Vacuum tests supposedly rule out ion wind - 1960 patent, unsubstantiated --- PAGE BREAK --- Nikola Tesla’s Space Drive (1928) --- PAGE BREAK --- Nikola Tesla’s Space Drive (1928) - Patent 1,655,144: a “space drive” or anti-electromagnetic propulsion system - Eloctropulsation - Dynamic Theory of Gravity - matter is made up of whirls of ether - Rejects notion of curved space time --- PAGE BREAK --- Gravity Research Foundation - Founded by Roger W. Babson in 1948 - Annual prize won by Stephen Hawkings and 5 later Nobel Prize winners --- PAGE BREAK --- Critical Commentary “Before anyone can have the audacity to formulate even the most rudimentary plan of attack on the problem of harnessing the force of gravitation, he must understand the nature of his adversary. I take it as most axiomatic that the phenomenon of gravitation is poorly understood even by the best of minds, and the last word on it is very far indeed from having been spoken.” - Bryce DeWitt (Gravity Research Foundation Essay) 1953 --- PAGE BREAK --- Government and Contractor Programs - Aeronautical Research Laboratory supposedly conducted research at Wright Patterson Air Force Base (1956) - Research Institute for Advanced Study conducted research that became Lockheed Skunkworks in later years --- PAGE BREAK --- Searl Generator (1946) - Claimed combination of antigravity and free energy device. - Widely panned, still in development --- PAGE BREAK --- Dean Drive (1950’s-60’s) - “Reactionless drive” claimed to produce propulsion without propellant exhaust - Linear oscillating mechanism - Effect may be due to friction and would not work in free space --- PAGE BREAK --- The Wallace Machine (1968) - Spinning brass discs (½ integer nuclear spin) - “Aligns nuclear spin” - Patents cite “kinemassic field” as mechanism of action - Unsubstantiated --- PAGE BREAK --- Laithwaite Gyroscopes (1974) - Eric Laithwaite - invented “Maglev” - Hypothesis: Rotating spinning disc creates a force orthogonal to both spin and direction - Claims that mechanical kinetic forces can cause weight change - Newton’s 2nd Law explains this effect: --- PAGE BREAK --- Antigravity Research - Modern Efforts --- PAGE BREAK --- Mansfield Amendment (1973) - Restricted research by the DoD for non-military applications - Included antigravity research - This means most modern antigravity research has been outsourced to the private sector (and/or black budgets) --- PAGE BREAK --- Hutchison Effect (1970’s) - “Anomalous effects” noted while attempted to recreate Tesla experiments - Claims of Philadelphia Experiment reproductions - Loss of ability --- PAGE BREAK --- Woodward Effect/ Mach Effect (1990) - Proposed by Jim Woodward as a “reactionless thruster” - Theorized to enable a “Warp Drive” via a large negative mass warping space time - Large negative mass in a small point theorized to create stable traversable wormholes (alcubierre drive) --- PAGE BREAK --- Ning Li & Doug Torr AC Gravity (1990’s) - UAH scientist who theorized a magnetic field applied to a superconductor will align ion spins to produce gravitomagnetic & gravitoelectric effect. - 1999 Popular Mechanics article - UAH and NASA MSFC collaboration ~1996 - Left UAH and founded AC Gravity LLC, 1999 - $500,000 DoD contract in 2001 --- PAGE BREAK --- What happened to Ning Li? --- PAGE BREAK --- Podkletnov Effect (1990’s - 2000’s) - Rotating (YBCO) superconductor produces “gravity shielding” - 2001 patent - Collaboration with NASA MSFC in early 2000’s - Claimed 2% reduction in weight - Widely panned by community - However, some near-replications have been done (Poher) --- PAGE BREAK --- Torr, Jose Vargas, Timir Datta (2001) - “Gravity beam generator” work at University of South Carolina - Creation of an “inhomogenous electric field” with two asymmetric hollow concentric electrodes - Experimental Quantum Gravity website still online - Torr’s present work unclear --- PAGE BREAK --- Li, Torr, Podkletnov & Modanese Panning - Ning Li - Popular Mechanics article no longer available - Doug Torr - University of South Carolina research never made public - Podkletnov - ousted by University of Tampere (1997) - Giovanni Modanese - Wikipedia page deleted --- PAGE BREAK --- Claude Poher (2000’s-Present) - Modification of Podkletnov Effect - Propelling force claimed to result from discharge of YBCO disc - “Universons” theory - Tested at NASA MSFC, 2015 --- PAGE BREAK --- Morningstar Applied Physics (2000’s-present) - Paul Murad and John Brandenburg - Modified Searl Machine with Gravito-Electric-Magnetism (GEM) Theory - Claimed 7% weight reduction --- PAGE BREAK --- Boeing Phantomworks (2010’s) - Gravity Research for Advanced Propulsion (GRASP) program admitted to in 2014 - Podkletnov is a collaborator? - TR3B “Black Triangle” “Alien Reproduction Vehicle” is the result? - Mechanism resembles Brown Generator? --- PAGE BREAK --- Recent Declassifications Declassification of AATIP documents (Advanced Aviation Threat Identification Program) in Dec 2017 --- PAGE BREAK --- THE FUTURE What’s the next step? --- PAGE BREAK --- Conclusion What Now? ● We need theories with a testable hypothesis ● Independently funded research by private interests is required ● Promising results always disappear into the classified realm-how do we fix this? --- PAGE BREAK --- @ExoticInstitute @amyceskridge [email protected] INSTITUTEFOREXOTICSCIENCE.COM --- PAGE BREAK ---