Translation: Center for Security and Emerging Technology (CSET) The following document lists all of China's state key laboratories and summarizes their key accomplishments in 2016. An appendix includes contact information for all 254 state key labs and all 7 pilot national laboratories. The document also briefly notes the results of a 2016 evaluation of the 75 biology- and medicine-related state key labs, which gave one lab a failing grade and identified another eight as in need of improvement. Title: 2016 Annual Report on State Key Laboratories (2016 国家重点实验室年度报告) Author: PRC Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST; 科技部) Department of Basic Research (基础研究司) and MOST Basic Research Management Center (基础研究管理中心) Source: MOST website, December 2017. Translation Date: December 9, 2020 Translator: Etcetera Language Group, Inc. Editor: Ben Murphy, CSET Translation Lead 2016 Annual Report on State Key Laboratories Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) Department of Basic Research MOST Basic Research Management Center December 2017 Contents Part I Overview of State Key Laboratories I. Layout 1. State Key Laboratories 2. Pilot National Laboratories II. Personnel Structure 1. Fixed Personnel 2. Mobile Personnel III. Fixed Assets Part II Overall Operating Conditions of State Key Laboratories I. Scientific Research Tasks II. Scientific Research Output III. Academic Exchange and Open Sharing IV. Public Opening Part III Team Construction at State Key Laboratories I. Basic Situation II. Winner of the 2016 National Highest Science and Technology Award III. Laboratories Receiving Funding from the Innovative Research Group and the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars and Those Selected as Key Field Innovation Teams and Young and Middle-Aged S&T Innovation Talent Leaders Part IV State Key Laboratory Evaluation Report Part V Selection of Important Achievements of the State Key Laboratories Additional Materials Contact Information for State Key Laboratories Contact Information of Pilot National Laboratories In 2016, the State Key Laboratories and Pilot National Laboratories continued to play a very important role in exploring and solving major national needs in the forefront of science. A number of internationally advanced achievements in scientific research emerged in the construction of talent teams. A group of internationally influential teams have become the cradle of China's scientific and technological (S&T) leaders. The laboratories continue to adhere to an operating mechanism of 'openness, mobility, unity, and competition,' and carried out various forms of international academic exchanges and cooperation, and the international influence was significantly improved. The state continued to provide support to state key laboratories and pilot national laboratories, with a special fund of 4.17 billion yuan Renminbi (RMB) for state key laboratories, RMB 200 million for national (key) laboratories, and RMB 200 million for Qingdao Marine National Laboratory (pilot), which provides a strong guarantee for the healthy development of the laboratory. I. Layout As of the end of 2016, there were 254 state key laboratories and 7 pilot national laboratories in operation. 1. State Key Laboratories (1) Area of Research Distribution: The 254 state key laboratories are distributed in eight scientific research fields, including: - 44 in the field of earth sciences (17.3%) - 43 in the field of engineering science (16.9%) - 40 in the field of biological sciences (15.7%) - 34 in the medical sciences (13.4%) - 32 in the information science field (12.6%) - 25 in the field of chemical sciences (9.9%) - 21 in materials science fields (8.3%) - 15 in the field of mathematical science (5.9%) (2) Departmental Distribution: The state key laboratories are mainly distributed under the Ministry of Education and the Chinese Academy of Sciences: - Ministry of Education: 131 (51.6%) - Chinese Academy of Sciences: 78 (30.7%) - Other departments and provinces/places: 45 (17.7%) Breakdown includes: Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (8), National Health and Family Planning Commission (8), Ministry of Agriculture (6), Logistic Support Department of CMC (3), Training and Administration Department of CMC (3), Jiangsu Science & Technology Department (2), Sichuan Science & Technology Department (2), and 1 each for Ministry of Environmental Protection, Ministry of Water Resources, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, China Earthquake Administration, China Meteorological Administration, State Oceanic Administration, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Shaanxi. (3) Geographical Distribution: Located across 25 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities: Beijing Municipality (79), Shanghai Municipality (32), Jiangsu Province (20), Hubei Province (18), Shaanxi Province (13), Guangdong Province (11), Jilin Province (10), Zhejiang Province (9), Sichuan Province (9), Liaoning Province (8), Gansu Province (7), Tianjin Municipality (6), Chongqing Municipality (5), Hunan Province (5), Heilongjiang Province (4), Fujian Province (4), Shandong Province (3), Shanxi Province (2), Yunnan Province (2), Guizhou Province (2), Hebei Province (1), Anhui Province (1), Henan Province (1), Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (1), Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (1). 2. Pilot National Laboratories The seven pilot national laboratories are divided among two departments and distributed in five provinces and municipalities: - Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (Planned) (Peking University; Institute of Chemistry, CAS - Ministry of Education / CAS, Beijing) - Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics (Planned) (Institute of Physics, CAS - CAS, Beijing) - Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale (Planned) (University of Science and Technology of China - CAS, Anhui) - Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology (Planned) (Tsinghua University - Ministry of Education, Beijing) - Shenyang National (Joint) Laboratory for Materials Science (Institute of Metal Research, CAS - CAS, Liaoning) - Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (Planned) (Huazhong University of Science and Technology and other units - Ministry of Education, Hubei) - Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) (Ocean University of China, Institute of Oceanology CAS, First Institute of Oceanography SOA, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute CAFS, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology - Shandong Province) II. Personnel Structure In 2016, there were a total of 34,504 staff in state key laboratories and pilot national laboratories, of which 23,567 were fixed personnel (68.3%) and 10,937 were floating personnel (31.7%). 1. Fixed Personnel: Total number increased by 2.0% compared with 2015. - Professional Technical Positions (2016): Senior: 13,963 (59.2%); Deputy Senior: 4,763 (20.3%); Intermediate: 4,151 (17.6%); Junior: 611 (2.6%); Other: 79 (0.3%). - Age Distribution: <30: 493 (2.1%); 30-44: 12,664 (53.7%); 45-59: 8,932 (37.9%); >=60: 1,478 (6.3%). - Degree Distribution: PhD: 19,842 (84.2%); Master's: 2,240 (9.5%); Bachelor's: 870 (3.7%); Other: 615 (2.6%). - Personnel Structure: Research personnel: 20,450 (86.8%); Technical personnel: 2,398 (10.2%); Managerial personnel: 719 (3.0%). 2. Mobile Personnel: In 2016, there were 10,937 mobile personnel, of which 9,396 held PhDs (85.9%), 863 held Master's degrees (7.9%), 214 held Bachelor's degrees (2.0%), and 464 had other qualifications (4.2%). By position: Senior: 4,222 (38.6%); Deputy Senior: 1,509 (13.8%); Intermediate: 3,456 (31.6%); Junior: 1,094 (10.0%); Other: 656 (6.0%). III. Fixed Assets As of the end of 2016, the total construction area was 3.473 million square meters, and the total number of instruments and devices was 646,601, with a total value of RMB 42.33 billion. For devices valued at over RMB 300,000: - Total Devices: 16,506 - Total Device Value: RMB 19.14 billion - Average Research Operating Hours per Instrument: 1,712.8 hours - Average Service Operating Hours per Instrument: 847.3 hours - Operating Rate: 142.2% I. Scientific Research Tasks In 2016, state key laboratories and pilot national laboratories undertook a total of 42,747 research projects of various types (+6.3% over 2015), receiving RMB 21.37 billion in research funding (+8.0% over 2015). National-level projects totaled 22,780 (+2.6%) with RMB 13.10 billion in funding (+19.1%). Project composition: - State Key R&D Program: 1,575 projects (Funding: RMB 3.105 billion) - 973 Program: 1,968 projects (Funding: RMB 1.718 billion) - 863 Program: 565 projects (Funding: RMB 579 million) - Major S&T Special Projects: 535 projects (Funding: RMB 913 million) - S&T Support: 374 projects (Funding: RMB 280 million) - National Natural Science Foundation of China: 15,724 projects (Funding: RMB 4.206 billion) - Other National-level Projects: 2,039 projects (Funding: RMB 2.298 billion) - Provincial Level: 7,319 projects (Funding: RMB 3.844 billion) - International Collaboration: 1,222 projects (Funding: RMB 608 million) - Horizontal Collaboration: 11,426 projects (Funding: RMB 3.821 billion) II. Scientific Research Output In 2016, laboratories won 110 national awards: - National Highest Science and Technology Award: Academician Zhao Zhongxian (Beijing National Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics (planned)) - National Natural Science Awards: 1 First Prize ('New Mode of Neutrino Oscillation Discovered in Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment'), 26 Second Prizes (63.4% of national total) - National Technical Invention Awards: 23 Second Prizes (48.9% of national total) - National Science and Technology Progress Awards: 1 Grand Prize ('Key Technologies and Applications of the Fourth Generation Mobile Communication Systems (TD-LTE)'), 5 First Prizes (62.5%), 2 Innovation Team Awards (66.7%), 51 Second Prizes (42.5%) Publications and IP: - 11,086 authorized invention patents - >86,400 academic papers (55,100 indexed by SCI [63.7%], 5,984 indexed uniquely by EI [6.9%]) - 28 papers published in Science and 369 in Nature and its series III. Academic Exchange and Open Sharing In 2016, laboratories undertook 1,222 international cooperation projects (RMB ~610M funding), held 462 global academic conferences and 561 national conferences, delivered 6,828 lectures, invited 8,355 foreign experts, received 3,791 invitations to lecture abroad, and saw 37,827 total conference participations (13,651 abroad). Highlights of hosted conferences include the 17th International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling (SDH2016), the 17th International Symposium on Laser Precision Microfabrication in Xi'an, the 4th SKLRB Symposium on Reproductive Biology, ICSM2016 in Guangzhou, WOE23 in Nanjing, and AsiaCCS 2016 in Xi'an. Over 5,759 open/unclassified topics were funded with RMB 460 million. IV. Public Opening In 2016, laboratories held 40,727 public opening activities (visits: 75.9%, student practice: 9.6%, popular science lectures: 6.7%, summer camps: 4.3%, others: 3.5%). Visitors included 146,138 general public members (39.8%), 93,804 university students (25.5%), 67,947 secondary students (18.5%), and 59,424 primary students (16.2%). I. Basic Situation As of end-2016, laboratory staff included: - 383 CAS Academicians (51.8% of national total) - 203 CAE Academicians (25.0% of national total) - 1,513 National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars recipients (43.4%) - 241 Science Fund for Creative Research Groups grants (54.4%) - 2,120 authorized doctoral and master's degree points, with 102,555 students enrolled and 27,967 graduates in 2016. II. 2016 National Highest Science and Technology Award Winner Academician Zhao Zhongxian (Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics / Institute of Physics, CAS). Recognized for over 50 years of foundational superconductivity research, notably independent discovery of liquid-nitrogen temperature superconductors (Ba-Y-Cu-O) in 1987, and iron-based superconductors above 50K (record 55K) in 2008. III. New Talent Grants and Selected Teams in 2016 - 20 new Creative Research Groups funded by NSFC (52.6% of national total) - 26 teams selected as Key Field Innovation Teams by MOST (38.8%) - 95 new recipients of NSFC Distinguished Young Scholars (47.5%) - 137 Young and Middle-Aged S&T Innovation Talent Leaders selected by MOST (43.6%) In 2016, MOST commissioned the China Biotechnology Development Center with the China Union of Life Science Societies to evaluate 75 state key laboratories in biology and medicine: Outstanding Laboratories (20): - State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases - State Key Laboratory of Proteomics - State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology - State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology - State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease - State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology - State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience - State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases - State Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules - State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering - State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy - State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology - State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology - State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology - State Key Laboratory of New Drug Research - State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics - State Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology - State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice - State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement - State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement Good Laboratories (46): Included State Key Laboratories of Virology, Pathogen and Biosecurity Microorganisms, Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Freshwater Ecology, Animal Nutrition, Molecular Oncology, Crop Stress Biology, Oral Diseases, Agricultural Microbiology, Reproductive Medicine, Food Science and Technology, Natural Medicines, Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Cellular Stress Biology, Cardiovascular Disease, Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Ophthalmology, Medical Molecular Biology, and others. Laboratories in Need of Improvement (8): - State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes - State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genomic Biology - State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding - State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning - State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology - State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology - State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources - State Key Laboratory of Mycology Laboratories That Failed Evaluation (1): - State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics (Central South University) Part V highlights 48 key scientific and technological breakthroughs across diverse domains achieved in 2016: 1. A New Mode of Neutrino Oscillation Discovered in Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment (Particle Detection and Electronics) 2. Stability of Hamiltonian System under Resonance (Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin Univ) 3. Magnetoelectric Generation New Materials and High-Voltage Controlled Quantum Sequence (Condensed Matter Physics, IOP CAS) 4. A New Method of Carbon-Carbon Bond Recombination Construction and Natural Product Synthesis (Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou Univ) 5. Research on Basic Physical and Chemical Problems of Organic Field Effect Transistor (Molecular Sciences, PKU/ICCAS) 6. Design, Synthesis, and Assembly Strategy of Oxy-Clusters (Structural Chemistry, FJIRSM CAS) 7. Total Synthesis of Complex Natural Products with Important Biological Activities (Molecular Sciences, PKU/ICCAS) 8. Linkage Between Asian Monsoon Changes and Global Climate (Loess and Quaternary Geology / Lake Science) 9. Process and Environmental Causes of Largest Extinction of Phanerozoic Organisms (Biogeology and Environmental Geology, CUG) 10. Formation of Earth Animal Tree (Continental Dynamics, Northwest Univ) 11. Basic Research on Omics Identification and Prevention of High-Risk Pollutants (Pollution Control, Tongji/Nanjing Univ) 12. Genetic and Molecular Biology Basis of Rice Yield Traits (Crop Genetic Improvement, HZAU) 13. Research on Theoretical Methods of Image Structure Modeling and Visual Appearance Reconstruction (Integrated Services Network / Transient Optics) 14. New Microwave and Millimeter Wave Substrate Integrated Guided Wave Structure and Device (Millimeter Waves, Southeast Univ) 15. Principles and Construction of Non-Metallic Supernormal Electromagnetic Medium (New Ceramics / Tribology, Tsinghua) 16. Long-Life High-Temperature Oxidation and Ablative Coating Protection Mechanism (Solidification Processing, NPU) 17. New Physical Effects of Ferrous Smart Materials based on Crystal Defect Regulation (Mechanical Behavior of Materials / Electrical Insulation, XJTU) 18. Macro-Preparation of Nanostructure Units and Functionalization of Macro-Scale Assemblies (Microscale, USTC) 19. Fluorescence Sensing Metal-Organic Frame Material Structure Design (Silicon Materials, ZJU) 20. High-Performance Composite Electrode Materials for Energy Storage (Material Processing / Optoelectronics, HUST) 21. Probability Density Evolution Theory of Reliability Design for Engineering Structure Disaster (Civil Engineering Disaster Prevention, Tongji / Subtropical Building Science, SCUT) 22. Homotopy Analysis Method for Solving Strongly Nonlinear Problems in Mechanics (Ocean Engineering, SJTU) 23. Special Drilling Fluid for Complex Structure Wells and Industrial Application (Petroleum Resources / Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology) 24. Key Technologies for Cold Drilling and Thermal Recovery of Land Gas Hydrate (Superhard Materials, Jilin Univ) 25. High-Efficiency Fracturing Acidification Reforming for Deep and Ultra-Deep Reservoirs (Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology, SWPU/CDUT) 26. Diagnosis Technology and Practices for Complex Hydraulic Concrete Structures (Hydrology-Water Resources, Hohai Univ) 27. Polyolefin Fluidized Bed Reactors Based on Acoustic Emission Monitoring (Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua/Tianjin/ECUST/ZJU) 28. New Reactive Dyes with Enhanced Group Functions (Fine Chemicals, DUT / Chemical Fibers, Donghua Univ) 29. Low-Power High-Performance Soft Magnetic Composite Materials (Silicon Materials, ZJU) 30. Carbon-Based Film Combining Toughness and Lubrication (Solid Lubrication, LICP CAS) 31. Shock Wave Wind Tunnel Experiment Technology for Reproducing Hypersonic Flight Conditions (High Temperature Gas Dynamics, Mechanics CAS) 32. Local Loading and Precise Plastic Forming for Lightweight Components (Solidification Processing, NPU) 33. Multi-Station Precision Forging Net Formation Technologies and Equipment (Material Processing, HUST) 34. Smart Prosthetics and Neural Information Channel Reconstruction (Mechanical System, SJTU / Robotics, HIT / Digital Manufacturing, HUST) 35. Fast Breaking Technology and Large Capacity Circuit Breakers in DC Distribution Systems (Electrical Insulation, XJTU) 36. Hybrid Optical Fiber Sensing Technology for Safety Monitoring (Hydraulic Engineering / Engines, Tianjin Univ) 37. Wide Area Broadband Cooperative Communication Technology (Information Science, Tsinghua) 38. Scalable Routing and Switching for Support Service Innovation (Information Science, Tsinghua) 39. Urban Travel Information Services Based on Mobile Location Data (Software Development Environment, Beihang) 40. Steel Production and Logistics Dispatch Intelligent Optimization (Synthetical Automation, NEU) 41. Major Renovation Project of the Beijing Electron-Positron Collider (BEPC II / BES III, Particle Detection) 42. IgA Nephropathy Treatment Integrating Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine (Kidney Diseases, PLA General Hospital) 43. DTMB System Internationalization and Industrialization (Information Science, Tsinghua) 44. Transformation of Live Influenza Virus into Replication-Defective Vaccines (Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, PKU) 45. Radical-Accelerated Synthesis of Zeolite Molecular Sieves (Inorganic Synthesis, Jilin Univ) 46. World's First Non-Human Primate Model of Autism via MECP2 Overexpression (Neuroscience, SIBS CAS) 47. Plant Male and Female Ligand Recognition Mechanism (Molecular Developmental Biology, IGDB CAS) 48. Fractional Spinon Excitation in YbMgGaO4 Quantum Spin Liquid Candidate (Surface Physics, Fudan Univ) Comprehensive directory covering all 254 State Key Laboratories and 7 Pilot National Laboratories organized by discipline: 1. Chemistry Field (25 labs): Includes Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering (Nanjing Tech), Supramolecular Structure (Jilin Univ), Catalysis (DICP CAS), Electroanalytical Chemistry (CIAC CAS), Multiphase Complex Systems (IPE CAS), Molecular Reaction Dynamics (DICP CAS), Polymer Physics (CIAC CAS), Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou Univ), Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (Xiamen Univ), Chemical Engineering (Tsinghua/Tianjin/ECUST/ZJU), Fine Chemicals (DUT), Organometallic Chemistry (SIOC CAS), Coal Conversion (SXICC CAS), etc. 2. Mathematics Field (15 labs): Superlattices (Semiconductors CAS), Magnetic Resonance (WIPM CAS), Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics (Tsinghua), Nonlinear Mechanics (IMech CAS), High Temperature Gas Dynamics (IMech CAS), Solid State Microstructures (Nanjing Univ), Particle Detection and Electronics (IHEP/USTC), Scientific and Engineering Computing (AMSS CAS), Surface Physics (Fudan Univ), etc. 3. Earth Science Field (44 labs): Cryospheric Sciences (CAREERI CAS), Surveying and Remote Sensing (Wuhan Univ), Urban and Regional Ecology (RCEES CAS), Geodesy and Earth's Dynamics (IGG CAS), Continental Dynamics (Northwest Univ), Atmospheric Physics (IAP CAS), Earthquake Dynamics (CEA), Geological Processes (CUG), Frozen Soil (CAREERI CAS), Marine Geology (Tongji Univ), Loess and Quaternary Geology (IEECAS), Pollution Control (Tongji/NJU), Petroleum Resources (CUPB), etc. 4. Biology Field (40 labs): Virology (Wuhan Univ/WIV CAS), Grassland Agro-Ecosystems (Lanzhou Univ), Freshwater Ecology (IHB CAS), Protein and Plant Gene Research (PKU), Molecular Biology (SIBS CAS), Crop Stress Biology (NWAFU), Silkworm Genomic Biology (Southwest Univ), Biomacromolecules (IBP CAS), Bioreactor Engineering (ECUST), Rice Biology (CNRRI/ZJU), Hybrid Rice (Hunan/WHU), etc. 5. Information Field (32 labs): Transducer Technology (SIMIT CAS), Electronic Thin Films (UESTC), Management and Control (IA CAS), Millimeter Waves (Southeast Univ), Robotics (SIA CAS), Novel Software Technology (Nanjing Univ), Computer Architecture (ICT CAS), Networking and Switching (BUPT), Virtual Reality (Beihang), etc. 6. Materials Field (21 labs): Advanced Synthesis and Processing (WUT), Superhard Materials (Jilin Univ), Luminescent Materials (SCUT), Powder Metallurgy (CSU), Solidification Processing (NPU), Advanced Metals and Materials (USTB), New Ceramics (Tsinghua), etc. 7. Engineering Field (43 labs): Explosion Science (BIT), Electrical Insulation (XJTU), Multiphase Flow (XJTU), Clean Energy Utilization (ZJU), Automotive Safety and Energy (Tsinghua), Rail Traffic Control (BJTU), Ocean Engineering (SJTU), Fire Science (USTC), Hydraulic Engineering Simulation (Tianjin Univ), etc. 8. Medical Field (34 labs): Oncogenes and Related Genes (Shanghai Cancer Inst), Pathogen and Biosecurity (AMMS), Respiratory Disease (Guangzhou Med Univ), Kidney Diseases (301 PLA Hospital), Biotherapy (Sichuan Univ), Natural and Biomimetic Drugs (PKU), Cardiovascular Disease (Fuwai Hospital), New Drug Research (SIMM CAS), Cancer Biology (FMMU), etc. 9. Pilot National Laboratories (7 labs): Beijing Lab for Molecular Sciences (PKU/ICCAS), Beijing Lab for Condensed Matter Physics (IOP CAS), Hefei Lab for Physical Sciences at Microscale (USTC), Tsinghua Lab for Information Science (Tsinghua), Shenyang Lab for Materials Science (IMR CAS), Wuhan Lab for Optoelectronics (HUST), Pilot National Lab for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao).