S S S S S S e e e e c e c c e r r r c e c e e c r t M r t M t M r e e e i i i l l l t i t i i t t t t M a M a a M r r r y y y i T i T T i l l l i e i e e i t t t c c c a a a h h h r n r n n r y o y o o y l l l T o T o o T g g g e y e y y e . . . c c c c c c S o S o S o h h h e m e m e m nc c n c n r Multi-Vectorr Forensic Analysis of thre e e e o o o t t t M M M l Clandestine FRC/CFR Teclhnology l o o o i i i l l l i i i gt t g t g a Ecosystem a a yr r y r y y y y .T T . T . ce e c e c Section 1: Architecture of the U.S. Clandestine oc c o c o S h S h S h mnPropulsion Portfolio n m n m e e e o o o c l o c l o c l o The gUnited States' pursuit of revolutionary aerospace capagbilities is not a monolithic effort but a g r r r e compleyx, multi-layeered, and evolving portfolio of research andy development. Analysis reveals a e y . . . sophisticacted architecture comprising at least three distinct but tchematically linked tracks: a core, c t S o tS o S t o M hardware-focused "blacMk" program grounded in established physics; a public-facing "white" M e m e m e m c program designed for stratcegic misdirection; and an emergent portfolio of "gray" tcracks pursuing i r ir r i l e next-generation technologicalle pathways under deniable corporate structures. This aerchitecture l i i i t t M is designed for maximum secur t ittMy, technological hedging, and information control, allo t wMing the t a a a U.S. to pursue a high-risk, high-reward strategic objective while simultaneously obscuring its i i i r l i t true methods and progress from pee lr ri tcompetitors. This strategic framework is essential for l i t r y a ya a y r interpreting the subsequent forensic findirngs, as it defines the roles, relationships, and r T y Ty y T operational security postures of the key entities involved. T T T e e e e e e c c 1.1 The "Black" Track - The Skunk Wccorks® CFR Hardware Program c c h h h h h h n n n n oThe primary, hardware-focused development effort witohnin the U.S. advanced aerospace portfolio o n l l l is tohe Compact Fusion Reactor (CFR) program at Lockheoed Martin's elite Skunk Works® o o o o g g g division. This "black" track is grounded in decades of established plasma physics research and l y ly y l o represen.ts the most plausible and technologically mature pathow.ay to a functional prototype. The . o c c c S g program's toechnologicSal foundation is a compact fusion device bagsoed on the SField-Reversed o g e Configurationm (FRC), a s e pecific plasma confinement scheme whosem explicit obj e ective, as stated m y y y c c c r . in foundational patents, is tor create a reactor "compact enough to be mo . unted on orr in a vehicle . e e e c such as a truck, aircraft, ship...". This statement provides a direct and undceniable link between c t t t M othe program's goals and the deve M lopment of a mobile power source suitableo for aerosp M ace and o S S S i l mmilitary applications. i l m i l m i i i e t e t te a The scientific basis for this ambitious eaffort is not speculative. The program's lineage is verifiaably c r y traced to a bocdy of research on FRCs an r dy a related concept, Magnetized Target Fusion (MTF), r y c r T that was pioneerred at Los Alamos National LTaboratory (LANL) from 1975 to 1990 before being Tr e e e e ee "orphaned" by shifts in federal funding priorities. This history establishes a credible scientific c c c t t t hpedigree, demonstrating that the Skunk Works® ehffort is built upon a solid foundation of h M M M n n n government-funded research. The core personnel of this "black" team have been identified as o o o i Prlogram Lead Thomas McGiuire and Plasma Physicist Glabriel Ivan Font, whose names appear li l o l o ol i as cog-inventors on the programi's foundational patents, cemgenting their central role in the g i t t t a hardwayre development effort. a y ya . . . r The manncer in which this program wras revealed suggests a delicberate, phased information c r S o S o S o y management strategy. The first public ydiscussion of a compact fusion concept at Skunk Works® y e m e m e m T c c T c T r r r e e e e e e t t t c M M c M c h i l i l h i l h i i i t t t n a a n a n r r r o y y o y o T T T l l l o e e o e o c c c g h h g h g n n n y y y o o o . l l . l . o o o c c c g g g o y y o y o . . . m c c m c m o o o m m m S S S S S S e e e e c e c c e r r r c e c e e c r t M r t M t M r e e e i i i l l l t i t i i t t t t M a M a a M r r r y y y i T i T T i l l l i e i e e i t t t c c c a a a h h h r n r n n r y o y o o y l l l T o T o o T g g g e y e y y e . . . c c c c c c S o S o S o h h h e came from Chmarles Chasee, then-manager of the "Revolutionary Techmnology Proegrams" m nc c n c n organization, in a high-level, conceptual presentation at a 2013 Google "Solve for X" event. This r r r e e e o "soft disclosure" introduced the idea to the public without roevealing sensitive technical details. o t t t M M M l The more specific technical announcements, supported by paltent filings, came over a year later, l o o o i l in October 2014, from the program'si l firewalled technical lead, Thomas McGuire. A systemialtic i i i gt t g t g a search of open-source records reveals aa complete absence of professional links between a yr Chase and the core technical team of McrGuire and Font, a separatioyn that is the signature of a r y y y y .T classic, two-tiered information strategy desigTned for maximum security. . T . ce e c e c oc c o c o S h1.2 TShe "White" Track - NAVAIR's "Pahis Effect" Strategic MisdirectioSn h mn n m n m e e e o o o Running in parallel to the clandestine Skunk Works® effort was a highly visible, public-facing c l o c l o c l o "white" program sponsored by the Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR). This track, centered g g g r r r e on a seyries of pate e nts by aerospace engineer Dr. Salvatore Pyais, appears to have functioned e y . . . not as a vciable hardware development program, but as a sophiscticated instrument of strategic c t S o tS o S t o M deception and informatMion warfare. M e m e m e m c Between 2015 and 2019, ac series of highly unconventional patents describing thec manipulation i l r e of the quantum vacuum for p irrleopulsion, including the "Craft using an inertial mass rerdeuction i l i i i t t M device," were filed by Dr. Pais attn M d assigned to the Secretary of the Navy. The scientifitc M claims t a a a within these patents were repeatedly rejected by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office i i i r l i (USPTO) on the grounds of being sc lriientifically unfeasible. These rejections were overcome l i only r t t t y a ya a y after the direct and formal intervention of Dr. James Sheehy, the Chief Technology Officer (CTO) r r r T y for the Naval Aviation Enterprise, who sub Tymitted a formal declaration to the USPTO personally y T T T T e vouching for the research's importance and ceiting Chinese advancements in related fields as a e e e e c c matter of national security. cc c c h h h h This sequence presents a fundamental paradox. Thhe act of patenting a critical, potentially h n n n n orevolutionary national security technology is strategicaon lly counter-intuitive, as it provides a o n del otailed technical roadmap to adversaries. The logical rel osolution is that the act of patenting was l o o o o the sgtrategic objective itself. The goal was not to protect a vgiable invention but to create a public g l y ly y l o narrative., misdirecting the R&D efforts of foreign intelligence soe.rvices toward a scientific . o c c c S g dead-end— o the so-callSed "Pais Effect"—while providing an effectiv go e counter-iSntelligence screen o g e for the true, mmore plausibele methods being pursued in the "black" Skmunk Workse® track. m y y y c c c r . r . r . e c 1.3 The Emergent "Greay" Track Portfolio - A Strategy ocf Diveresified c t t t M oRisk M o M o S S S i i i l m l m l m i i i e t e t te a The U.S. clandestine portfolio is not staatic. A new, more agile portfolio of "gray" track entities haas c r c r rc y emerged, representing a thematic and techynological evolution of the program's strategic goals. y r T These entities lerverage the Small Business T Innovation Research (SBIR) program to incubate Tr e e e e ee high-risk technologies outside the overhead of prime contracts. c c c t t t h ● UnLAB LLC: Founded by Charles Chase, thhis entity and its associated non-profit h M M M n n n represent a synthesis of the previous tracks, attempting to solve the "white" track's o o o i lambitious goal (propuilsion from the vacuum) with lthe "black" track's hardware-focused li l o l o ol i gmethodology. Its missioni, confirmed by a National Scgience Foundation (NSF) SBIR g i t t t a ayward, is "Fluctuation Flowa Propulsion," a concept baseyd on extracting motive force from ya . . . r quacntum vacuum fluctuations ursing asymmetric nanostrucctures and Resonant Tunneling c r S o S o S o y Diodes. y y e m e m e m T c c T c T r r r e e e e e e t t t c M M c M c h i l i l h i l h i i i t t t n a a n a n r r r o y y o y o T T T l l l o e e o e o c c c g h h g h g n n n y y y o o o . l l . l . o o o c c c g g g o y y o y o . . . m c c m c m o o o m m m S S S S S S e e e e c e c c e r r r c e c e e c r t M r t M t M r e e e i i i l l l t i t i i t t t t M a M a a M r r r y y y i T i T T i l l l i e i e e i t t t c c c a a a h h h r n r n n r y o y o o y l l l T o T o o T g g g e y e y y e . . . c c c c c c S o S o S o h h h e ● Field Pmropulsion eTechnologies Inc. (FPT): Founded by Richmard Bandueric, FPT has m nc c n c n received over $2.8 million in dual-use funding from DARPA, the Air Force Research r r r e e e o Laboratory (AFRL), and the NSF. Its work focuses oon developing "metamaterial composite o t t t M M M l conductors" to amplify what it terms "unresolved longituldinal Ampere Tension forces" for l o o o i l both propulsion and directed ielnergy weapons, establishing it as a serious, i l i i i gt t g t g a government-vetted defense technaology developer. a yr ● Woodruff Scientific Inc.: Foundedr by Dr. Simon Woodruff, a pylasma physicist with deepr y y y y .T ties to the national laboratory ecosysteTm (LANL, PPPL), this firm .functions as a T . ce e c e c specialized R&D support node. Its DoE-funded research into compact toroids, such as oc c o c o S h Sspheromaks, directly parallels the physics chhallenges of the Skunk Works® FRC progSram, h mn positioning it as a key "gray" contributor to then foundational "black" track. m n m e e e o o o The existence of these distinct tracks reveals a deliberate and sophisticated portfolio c l o c l o c l o management strategy. It functions as a "barbell" investment approach to managing high-risk g g g r r r e technoylogy develo e pment. The "black" track represents a heavyy, long-term investment in a e y . . . mature buct difficult technology. The "gray" tracks are a portfolio ocf smaller, lower-cost bets on c t S o tS o S t o M potentially revolutionaryM but less mature technologies. The "white" track serves as the M e m e m e m c counter-intelligence shield cfor the entire portfolio. c i r ir r i l e le e l i i i t t M Section 2: PIR-1 - ttT M ier 2/3 Supplier Network Analyt M sis t a a a i i i r l i lri l i r t A bottom-up analysis of the specializetd industrial supply chain reveals a network of highly t y a ya a y r capable Tier 2 and Tier 3 manufacturers wrhose products possess the unique technical r T y Ty y T T specifications required for FRC/CFR developTment. The consistent absence of direct, publicly T e e e e verifiable contracts between these suppliers aned the "black" prime contractors (Lockheed Skunk e c c cc c c Works®, Boeing Phantom Works) is a primary finding. This is not an intelligence failure but a h h h h ndeliberate feature of a clandestine acquisition stratehgny. Procurement for a "black" program n h n owould be routed through cutouts or under non-descripton contract titles with the parent o n l l l o coroporation, rather than the sensitive division. Therefore, otohe primary methodology for identifying o o g g g the supply chain pivots to a "technical fingerprinting" approach, matching the unique technical l y ly y l o specifica.tions of a supplier's product to the demanding requireom.ents of an FRC/CFR device. . o c c c S g o S go S o g e m e m e m y 2.1 Pulsed Power Systems (PIR-1a) y y c c c r . r . r . e e e c c c t FRC formation requires immenste electrical power delivered in microseconds, necessittating S M ospeciaSlized high-energy capacito M rs and high-current switches. o M S o i i i l m● Capacitors: The leading manlufacturers offer products with the high enermgy density, llow m i i i e t e t te a inductance, and rapid discharge acapabilities essential for plasma physics. a c r c r rc y ○ General Atomics Electromagynetic Systems (GA-EMS): A key U.S. developer of y r T r T Tr high energy density pulsed power capacitors for military and R&D applications. e e e e ee While no direct contracts with Skunk Works® were found, a March 2024 contract c c c t t t M h with LockhMeed Martin Space for satellhite payloads confirms an existing high-level h M n n n corporate relationship, providing a plausible channel for sensitive procurement. o o o i l ○ Advanced Eneirgy: A major U.S. supplier olf pulsed and DC power systems for li l o l o ol i g industrial plasma pirocesses, with scalable modgels up to 240 kW and frequencies up g i t t t a yto 350 kHz. Their expaertise in ruggedized power ysolutions for defense and ya . . . r caerospace, including forr the F-35, makes them a higchly relevant potential supplier. c r S o S o S o y e ○ A m PI Capacietors (UK): A leyading UK manufacturer of cu m stom high-evoltage m y T c c T c T r r r e e e e e e t t t c M M c M c h i l i l h i l h i i i t t t n a a n a n r r r o y y o y o T T T l l l o e e o e o c c c g h h g h g n n n y y y o o o . l l . l . o o o c c c g g g o y y o y o . . . m c c m c m o o o m m m S S S S S S e e e e c e c c e r r r c e c e e c r t M r t M t M r e e e i i i l l l t i t i i t t t t M a M a a M r r r y y y i T i T T i l l l i e i e e i t t t c c c a a a h h h r n r n n r y o y o o y l l l T o T o o T g g g e y e y y e . . . c c c c c c S o S o S o h h h e cmapacitors foer pulsed power, plasma, and physics reseamrch. Their setated m nc c n c n applications in "defense," "avionics," and their history of supplying CERN and the r r r e e e o Royal Navy confirm their capability to meet thoe required specifications. The reliance o t t t M M M l on a UK-based supplier highlights the program'sl use of a secure, international l o o o i l supply chain within the i"lFive Eyes" intelligence alliance. i l i i i gt t g t g a ● High-Current Switches: The abaility to switch tens of thousands of amperes in a yr nanoseconds is critical. Thyratronsr and spark gaps are the primyary enabling technologiesr. y y y y .T ○ Teledyne e2v (UK): A dominanTt global manufacturer of hig.h-power pulsed T . ce e c e c thyratrons, trusted by national labs for applications like beam injectors. Their oc c o c o S h Sportfolio includes devices capable of shwitching up to 100 kV and 20 kA, a directS h mn technical match for FRC requirements. Tnhey are also a known supp m lier to Boeing n m e e e o o o for various aerospace programs, establishing a direct link to a prime contractor c l o c l o c l o within the ecosystem. g g g r r r e y○ Excel e itas Technologies (U.S.): A manufacturer yof high-energy switches, including e y . . . cSolidtron thyristors and triggered spark gaps for defcense applications. c t S o tS o S t o M ○ Stellant SyMstems (U.S.): A defense contractor that manufactures thyratrons for M e m e m e m c linear acceleractors and holds contracts with the U.S. Navy for F/A-18c components, i l r e demonstrating t i hr leeir integration into the defense supply chain. r e i l i i i t t M ttM t M t a a a 2.2 Superconducting Magnet Systems (PIR-1b) i i i r l i lri l i r t t t y a ya a y A compact, high-field FRC requires advanced high-temperature superconducting (HTS) r r r T y magnets to confine the plasma. Ty y T T T T e ● HTS Wire Manufacturers: e e e e e c c ○ American Superconductor (AMSCcc): A prominent U.S. manufacturer of c c h h h h Amperium® 2G HTS wire. Their stainlehss steel laminate wire is specifically h n n n n o designed for high-stress coils, a direct tecoh n nical parallel to the requirements of an o n l o FRC magnet system. l o l o o o o g○ Bruker Corporation: A global leader with a mgajor U.S. presence, specializing in g l y ly y l o .advanced HTS magnets for NMR and MRI systemo.s, demonstrating cutting-edge . o c c c S g o capability.S go S o g e ● Customm Magnet Feabricators: m e m y y y c c c ○ General Atomics: A key U.S. entity with end-to-end design and fabrication r . r . r . e e e c services for large HTS magnets, including the ITER Central Scolenoid, making them c t t t M o a primary candidate Mfor a custom FRC magnet assembly. o M o S S S i ○ Cryomagnetics, Inc.: Ai U.S. company in Oak Ridge, TN, specializing in custiom l m l m l m i i i e t a esuperconducting magnet tsaystems for research and OEM manufacturing. t a e c r ○ Ecverson Tesla Inc.: A U.S. crustom manufacturer of superconducting magnets for rc y y y r T highr-energy physics and naval iTndustries. Tr e e e e ee c c c t 2.3 Vacuum & Dtiagnostic Systems (PIR-1c) t h h h M M M n n n o o o FRC experiments require ultra-high vacuum (UHV) environments and highly specialized i l i l li l o l o ol i diagnostics to measure plasmai properties. i g g g t t t a ● UyHV Chambers: a y ya . . . ○c Kimball Physics: A U.S. manufacturer of precise, mcodular UHV chambers from c r r r y S osingle mo S noliths of stainleyss steel or titanium, ideal foor research S applications. o y e m e m e m T c ○ Edwards Vaccuum (UK): A mTajor global supplier of UHV/XHV pumpsc and systems T r r r e e e e e e t t t c M M c M c h i l i l h i l h i i i t t t n a a n a n r r r o y y o y o T T T l l l o e e o e o c c c g h h g h g n n n y y y o o o . l l . l . o o o c c c g g g o y y o y o . . . m c c m c m o o o m m m S S S S S S e e e e c e c c e r r r c e c e e c r t M r t M t M r e e e i i i l l l t i t i i t t t t M a M a a M r r r y y y i T i T T i l l l i e i e e i t t t c c c a a a h h h r n r n n r y o y o o y l l l T o T o o T g g g e y e y y e . . . c c c c c c S o S o S o h h h e wmith extensieve experience in high-energy physics applicmations at naetional labs and m nc c n c n universities. r r r e e e o ● Specialized Diagnostics: o o t t t M M M l ○ General Atomics: A leading developer of advanlced laser-based plasma l o o o i l diagnostics, including Tihlomson scattering systems and interferometers for mai ljor i i i gt t g t g a fusion facilities like DIII-D aand ITER. They explicitly offer bespoke diagnostic a yr development for private comrpanies. y r y y y y .T ○ Teledyne SP Devices: A manuTfacturer of high-performanc.e digitizers that are T . ce e c e c critical components for Thomson scattering systems in fusion facilities, explicitly oc c o c o S h Smarketed for this application. h S h mn ○ ELVA-1: A manufacturer of millimeter-wnave interferometers with sy m stems installed n m e e e o o o on tokamaks worldwide, including a 300 GHz interferometer delivered to FRC c l o c l o c l o company TAE Technologies, confirming their relevance to this specific technology. g g g r r r e y e y e y . . . 2.4 Neuctral Beam Injectors (PIR-1d) c c t S o tS o S t o M M M e m e m e m c Neutral Beam Injectors (NBcIs) are critical for heating and stabilizing FRC plasmacs. The supplier i l r e base is extremely limited. ir le r e i l i i i t t M ● Commercial/Academic PttM roviders: t M t a a a ○ General Atomics: Offers high-power NBI systems as part of its fusion technology i i i r l i portfolio and operates th lrei NBI system at the DIII-D facility. l i r t t t y a ya a y ○ Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (Russia): A major international developer of r r r T y NBIs for a wide range of fusio Tyn devices. Critically, they have supplied NBIs directly y T T T T e to the U.S. private FRC companye TAE Technologies for its C-2W device, confirming e e e e c c their role in the U.S. FRC supply chaccin. c c h h h h ○ Eagle Harbor Technologies (EHT), Inhc.: A U.S. small business developing novel h n n n n o solid-state power systems for NBIs under on a DOE SBIR award, noting that there are o n l o currently "no vendors in the United States folro NBI power systems". This highlights a l o o o o g critical domestic supply chain gap. g g l y ly y l o .○ U.S. National Laboratories (LBNL, ORNL): Histoo.rically, Lawrence Berkeley and . o c c c S g o Oak RidgSe National Labs have been central to U.S. N go BI researcSh and development. o g e The followingm table syntheesizes the supplier data, highlighting key commpanies aend their m y y y c c c relevance to the FRC/CFR ecosystem. r . r . r . e e e c Table 2.1: Tier 2/3 Supplier Matrix c c t t t M oSupplier Name Country MCore Technology Key Technical oLink to EnMtities of o S S S i l m i l Specifications Inmterest i l m i i i e t e t te a General Atomics USA aPulsed Capacitors, High energy Known supplier ato c r EMS c HTrS Magnets, density; Lockheed Martin rc y y y r T r DiagnTostics, NBIs ITER-scale (Space); Key Tr e e e e ee magnets; Custom partner for c c c t h t h diagnostics DoE/National Labs h t M M M n n n Advanced Energy USA Pulsed & DC Up to 240 kW; Known supplier for o o o i l i Power Systems lFrequencies up to defense/aerospac li l o l o ol i g i 3g50 kHz e (F-35) g i t t t a Teledyyne e2v UK aThyratrons Upy to 100 kV, 20 Known supplier to ya . . . r c r kA swcitching Boeing; Trusted by c r S o S o S o y y national labs y e m e m e m T c c T c T r r r e e e e e e t t t c M M c M c h i l i l h i l h i i i t t t n a a n a n r r r o y y o y o T T T l l l o e e o e o c c c g h h g h g n n n y y y o o o . l l . l . o o o c c c g g g o y y o y o . . . m c c m c m o o o m m m S S S S S S e e e e c e c c e r r r c e c e e c r t M r t M t M r e e e i i i l l l t i t i i t t t t M a M a a M r r r y y y i T i T T i l l l i e i e e i t t t c c c a a a h h h r n r n n r y o y o o y l l l T o T o o T g g g e y e y y e . . . c c c c c c S o S o S o h h h e Supplier Namme Counetry Core Technology Key Technmical Leink to Entities of m nc c n c n r r Specifications Intererst e e e o API Capacitors UK Pulsed Capacitors oCustom Technical match o t t t M M M l higlh-voltage, for FRC l o o o i i i l l fast-discharge for requirementsl i i i gt t g t g a a defense/avionics a yr r y r y y AMSC USA HTSy Wire 2G Amperium® Technical match y .T T . T . wire; High-stress for FRC magnet ce e c e c stainless steel requirements oc c o c o S h S h laminate S h mn n m n m e Cryomagneetics, USA Custom HTS OEM magnets for Technical match e o o o c Inlc o . c Magnets l o high-energy for FRC magnet c l o g pghysics requirements g r r r e Kimba y ll Physics eUSA UHV Chambers Mo y nolithic Technical match e y . . . c c c t S o tS stainles o s S for FRC t o M M M e m e steel/titanmium eexperimental m c c chambers harcdware i r ir r i l e Edwards Vacuum UK le UHV Systems UHV/XHV pumps Knowne supplier to l i i i t t M ttM and systems national t laMbs and t a a a i i universities i r l i lri l i r y t a Teledyne SP Sweden t ya High-Speed >1 GS/s, 14-bit Explicitly market a ted y T r y Devices DirgTy itizers digitizers for for fusion r y T T T Thomson diagnostics T e e e e e scattering e c c cc c c hELVA-1 Sweden Interferomehters 300 GHz Direct sale to TAE h h h h n ninterferometer Technologies n n o on o n Budker Institute Russia Neutral Beam High-power NBIs Direct sale to TAE l l l o o o o Injectors ofor FRCs Technologies o g g g l Secytion 3: PIR-2 - "Second-Hop" Hulyman Capital Trace y l o . o. . o c c c S g o S go S o g e The movememnt of key peersonnel provides a powerful vector for idenmtifying new,e low-signature m y y y c c c entities within the clandestine ecosystem. The analysis reveals that the ecosystem is not being r . r . r . e e e c populated by a large-scale "brain drain" from existing private companies, cbut rather by a more c t t t M ocontrolled and strategic cultivatioMn of new ventures led by highly experiencedo individualMs from o S S S i the core of the national security andi academic research base. i l m l m l m i i i e t e t te a a a c r 3.1 Departcures from Primary FrRC Companies (PIR-2a) rc y y y r T r T Tr e e A systematic searc e h for senior-level departurees from the two leading private FRC companies ee c c c t hsince 2018 reveals a thigh degree of leadership stahbility, suggesting a low rate of attrition for key h t M M M ntalent. n n o o o ● TAE Technologies: The company has experienced leadership transitions, such as former i l i l li l o l o ol i CEO Steven Specker's rietirement in 2018, but the core technical leadership appears i g g g t t t a iyntact. The company has ofaficially spun out subsidiariesy like TAE Power Solutions, but ya . . . thesce are corporate initiatives, not ventures by departed ecmployees. c r r r y S ● Helioon Energy: S The most signifiycant departure identified is oco-founder S and former Chief o y e m e m e m T c Science Officer, Johcn Slough, whoT left in May 2018. This is a critical "secocnd-hop" lead. T r r r e e e e e e t t t c M M c M c h i l i l h i l h i i i t t t n a a n a n r r r o y y o y o T T T l l l o e e o e o c c c g h h g h g n n n y y y o o o . l l . l . o o o c c c g g g o y y o y o . . . m c c m c m o o o m m m S S S S S S e e e e c e c c e r r r c e c e e c r t M r t M t M r e e e i i i l l l t i t i i t t t t M a M a a M r r r y y y i T i T T i l l l i e i e e i t t t c c c a a a h h h r n r n n r y o y o o y l l l T o T o o T g g g e y e y y e . . . c c c c c c S o S o S o h h h e m e m e m nc 3.2 Emergence of N c ew "Gray" Entities (PnIR-2b) c n r r r e e e o o o t t t M M M l The human capital trace successfully identifies a new high-prliority entity and confirms the roles l o o o i l of others previously identified. i l i l i i i gt t g t g a ● MSNW LLC: John Slough deparated Helion to return to his role as President and Head oaf yr Research at MSNW, a research anrd development company hey previously led. Given r y y y y .T Slough's foundational role at Helion anTd MSNW's existing portfolio. in advanced T . ce e c e c propulsion and fusion concepts, this entity is now identified as a high-priority "gray" track oc c o c o S h Scandidate requiring further investigation. h S h mn● UnLAB LLC & Field Propulsion Technologines Inc.: These entities, foun m ded by Charles n m e e e o o o Chase (ex-Skunk Works®) and Richard Banduric (long-time government contractor) c l o c l o c l o respectively, are primary examples of new, low-signature defense-oriented startups g g g r r r e pyopulated b e y key figures from the broader ecosystem. y e y . . . ● Emcerging Commercial Landscape: Other new private fucsion startups such as Zap c t S o tS o S t o M Energy (foundedM 2017), Avalanche Energy (founded 2021), and Realta Fusion M e m e m e m c (founded 2022) are ecmerging, creating a competitive landscape that could cattract talent in i l r e the future. ir le r e i l i i i t t M ttM t M t a a a 3.3 The Academic Feeder System - The Dr. Edward Thomas Jr. Nexus i i i r l i lri l i r t t t y a ya a y The laboratory of Dr. Edward Thomas Jr. at Auburn University functions as a critical node in the r r r T y human capital supply chain for the entire T Uy.S. advanced physics enterprise. His specific y T T T T e expertise in experimental physics and plasmae instabilities directly maps to the core challenges e e e e c c of FRC stability control. His lab's deep and sustaccined funding from the DoE and multiple DoD c c h h h h agencies (DTRA, MDA, NRL) establishes him as a htrusted and repeatedly vetted "known h n n n n oquantity" within the national security S&T ecosystem. on o n Thl oe most compelling evidence is the career trajectory ofl hois protégés. The analysis of his former l o o o o studegnts reveals a consistent and high-volume pipeline of taglent flowing directly into the key g l y ly y l o national .labs and prime contractors at the heart of the FRC/CFoR. ecosystem. This targeted flow . o c c c S g includes ind o ividuals suSch as Dylan Funk to LANL, Ami DuBois to T go AE TechnoSlogies, and o g e Spencer LeBlmanc to Boeeing, demonstrating the lab's function as a dem facto humean capital m y y y c c c pipeline. This established network could be leveraged by program recruiters to identify top r . r . r . e e e c students for classified employment, effectively using Dr. Thomas as a talecnt-spotter without ever c t t t M orevealing the classified nature ofM the ultimate employment. o M o S S S i Table 3.1: Human Capital Trace Miatrix i l m l m l m i i i e t e t te a Individual Former Departaure Date New New Entity's Assessed a c r Name cAffiliation r Entity/Affiliation Mission/TechnoRelevance rc y y y r T r T logy Tr e e e e ee John Slough Helion Energy May 2018 MSNW LLC Fusion energy, High c c c t h (Co-ftounder/CS (Phresident) space h t M M M n O) n propulsion n o o o i Clharles Chase Lockheed iPost-2019 UnLAB lLLC Fluctuation High li l o l o ol i g Skunk Works®i (Founder/PgI) Flow g i t t t a y (Mgr.) a yPropulsion ya . . . r c r c(Quantum c r S o S o S o y y Vacuum) y e m e m e m T c c T c T r r r e e e e e e t t t c M M c M c h i l i l h i l h i i i t t t n a a n a n r r r o y y o y o T T T l l l o e e o e o c c c g h h g h g n n n y y y o o o . l l . l . o o o c c c g g g o y y o y o . . . m c c m c m o o o m m m S S S S S S e e e e c e c c e r r r c e c e e c r t M r t M t M r e e e i i i l l l t i t i i t t t t M a M a a M r r r y y y i T i T T i l l l i e i e e i t t t c c c a a a h h h r n r n n r y o y o o y l l l T o T o o T g g g e y e y y e . . . c c c c c c S o S o S o h h h e Individual mFormer e Departure Date New Newm Entity's eAssessed m nc c n c n r Name Affiliation r Entity/Affiliation Mission/TechnoRerlevance e e e o ology o t t t M M M l Ami DuBois Auburn Dec 2013 TAE lField-Reversed High l o o o i i i l University l Technologies Configuration l i i i gt t g t g a (PhD) a (Postdoc) (FRC) Fusion a yr r y r y y Spencer Auburn Dec 2019 y Boeing Prime High y .T T . T . LeBlanc University Defense/Aeros ce e c e c (PhD) pace oc c o c o S h S h Contractor S h mn n m n m e Dylan Funek Auburn May 2023 Los Alamos National High e o o o c l o c University Nationall o Security c l o g (PhD) Laboratoryg Science / FRC g r r r e y e (LANL) yResearch e y . . . t S c o tS cO o rigin S t c o M M M e Sectionm 4: PIRe-3 - Re-validation of Charmles Chease's m c c c i l r e Technical Role ir le r e i l i i i t t M ttM t M t a a a i A focused analysis of Charles Chasie's technical output confirms that his role within the CFiR r l i lri l i r t program was multifaceted, blending sttrategic communication with a credible and deep techntical y a ya a y r background in relevant physics. r r T y Ty y T T T T e e e e 4.1 Analysis of Patents and Publiceations (PIR-3a) e c c cc c c h h h h h h nWhile academic searches are inconclusive, Chase'sn patent record from his time at Lockheed n n o Martin is dispositive. on o n l l l o o● Patent EP1672966A2, "Plasma jet systems and omoethods": This patent, co-invented by o o g g g Chase, is highly relevant. It details a plasma accelerator for aerodynamic flow control, l y ly y l o us.ing electric and magnetic fields to create a high-speed o. plasma jet without moving parts. . o c c c S g This ios a direct a S pplication of plasma physics and magnetohgoydrodynam S ics (MHD), o g e m e m e m y confirming his hands-on technical work in a domain directly adyjacent to FRC/CFR y c c c r . technology. r . r . e e e c c c t ● Patent US9502202B2, "Stystems and methods for generating coherent mattterwave M o M o M o S Sbeams": This patent, also co-invented by Chase, does not relate to fusion or MHD buSt i i i l i m describes using engineered elleictromagnetic fields to manipulate the quanmtum mechal inical m e t e t te a properties of particles. This demoanstrates direct technical work in advanced, a c r c r rc y non-conventional physics related to yfield-particle interactions, establishing a clear y r T r T Tr technical throughline to the "Fluctuation Flow Propulsion" concept he is now pursuing at e e e e ee c UnLAB. c c t t t h h h M M M n n n 4.2 Assessment of Role (PIR-3b) o o o i l i l li l o l o ol i The gevidence refutes a simplisitic assessment of Chase as geither a non-technical manager or a g i t t t a core phyysicist. His role as Managaer of "Revolutionary Technoylogy Programs" and his public "soft ya . . . r disclosurec" of the CFR program clearrly establish his strategic ancd communicative function. c r S o S o S o y y y e However, his mpatent recoerd definitively proves he possesses verifiabmle expertisee in applied m T c c T c T r r r e e e e e e t t t c M M c M c h i l i l h i l h i i i t t t n a a n a n r r r o y y o y o T T T l l l o e e o e o c c c g h h g h g n n n y y y o o o . l l . l . o o o c c c g g g o y y o y o . . . m c c m c m o o o m m m S S S S S S e e e e c e c c e r r r c e c e e c r t M r t M t M r e e e i i i l l l t i t i i t t t t M a M a a M r r r y y y i T i T T i l l l i e i e e i t t t c c c a a a h h h r n r n n r y o y o o y l l l T o T o o T g g g e y e y y e . . . c c c c c c S o S o S o h h h e plasma physimcs and advaenced field manipulation. m e m nc c n c n His profile is that of a "physicist-manager," an archetype crucial to clandestine R&D. His r r r e e e o technical expertise gave him the credibility to manage a poortfolio of high-risk projects like the o t t t M M M l CFR, while his managerial position placed him outside the firlewalled core technical team, l o o o i l making him the ideal, deniable publiicl messenger. This technical depth is what qualified himi l for i i i gt t g t g a his strategic role at Skunk Works® anda later enabled him to serve as the credible Principal a yr Investigator for UnLAB's NSF grant. r y r y y y y .T T . T . ce Section 5: Identification ofe Convergent En c tities and e c oc c o c o S h S h S h mn Network Synthesis n m n m e e e o o o c l o c l o c l o The synthesis of findings from all PIRs allows for the identification of "convergent entities"—new g g g r r r e compaynies that ap e pear as both a product of the human capitayl trace (PIR-2) and a likely e y custome.r cfor the specialized suppliers (PIR-1). . c . c t S o tS o S t o M M M e m e m e m 5.1 Mapping Convergences c c c i r ir r i l e le e l i i i t t M ● UnLAB LLC: This is a prti t m M ary convergent entity. Identified through the human cta M pital t a trace of Charles Chase , itsa "Fluctuation Flow Propulsion" concept will require highly a i i i r l i specialized components (e.g.,l rnianostructure fabrication, high-frequency power l i r t t t y a ya a y electronics), making it a future customer for the types of suppliers identified in PIR-1. r r r T y ● Field Propulsion Technologies In T cy. (FPT): Identified through analysis of government y T T T T e SBIR awards, FPT represents a new "geray" track startup. Its development of a "compact e e e e c c radiation emitter" and "propellant-less thruccster" will require the same class of advanced c c h h h h pulsed power and materials suppliers identifiehd in PIR-1. h n n n n o● Woodruff Scientific Inc.: Founded by a nationaon l lab alumnus, this entity converges the o n lnational lab ecosystem with the "gray" track. Its wolrk on compact toroids makes it a direct l o o o o o o gtechnical parallel to the "black" track and a likely custgomer for the suppliers in PIR-1. g l y ly y l o . o. . o c c c 5.2 The Complete Ecosystem Map S g o S go S o g e m e m e m y y y c The analysis reveals a comcprehensive, multi-layered ecosystem. At the center arce the "black" r . r . r . e c track primes: Lockheed Martine Skunk Works® for platform development, Bcoeing Phaentom c t t t M oWorks for flight test and evaluatioMn, and BAE Systems for the critical control osystem M o S S S i microelectronics. This core is suppoirted by a Tier 2/3 supplier network (GA-EMS, Teledynei, l m l m l m i i i e t AMSC, etce.) whose links are inferred tthrough technical fingerprinting rather than direct te a a a c r contracts. Anc academic feeder pipeline, erxemplified by Auburn University, supplies talent to ther c y y y r T national labs (LArNL, PPPL), which in turn feTed experienced personnel into the "black" program. Tr e e Overlaid on this steructure is the emergent portfeolio of "gray" track entities (UnLAB, FPT, ee c c c t Woodruff Scientific, MtSNW), which originate from the established ecosystem and represent t h h h M M M nnew, agile R&D vectors. The entire structure is definned by deliberate firewalls, with a verifiable n o o o absence of professional links between the working-level personnel of the "black," "white," and i l i l li l "gr o ay" tracks, confirming a prlofessionally managed, comp o artmentalized security architecture. ol i i i g g g t t t Table 5.1: Comprehensive Personnel and Institutional Linkage Matrix a y a y ya . . . c c c r r r S o S o S o y y y e m e m e m T c c T c T r r r e e e e e e t t t c M M c M c h i l i l h i l h i i i t t t n a a n a n r r r o y y o y o T T T l l l o e e o e o c c c g h h g h g n n n y y y o o o . l l . l . o o o c c c g g g o y y o y o . . . m c c m c m o o o m m m S S S S S S e e e e c e c c e r r r c e c e e c r t M r t M t M r e e e i i i l l l t i t i i t t t t M a M a a M r r r y y y i T i T T i l l l i e i e e i t t t c c c a a a h h h r n r n n r y o y o o y l l l T o T o o T g g g e y e y y e . . . c c c c c c S o S o S o h h h e T. m G. eFont C. Chase R. S. M. Gmiese S. Peais J. Sheehy m nc c n c n r McGuire (Skunkr (UnLAB) Banduric Woodruff (Boeing/U(NAVAIRr) (NAVAIR) e e e o (Skunk Works®) (FPT) (Wooodruff SAF) o t t t M M M l Works®) Sci.) l l o o o i i i l T. --- Co-invent NO lLINK NO LINK NO LINK NO LINK NO LINK NO LlINK i i i gt t g t g a McGuire or FOUNDa FOUND FOUND FOUND FOUND FOUNDa yr r y r y y G. Font Co-invent --- NO LINK yNO LINK NO LINK NO LINK NO LINK NO LINK y .T T . T . or FOUND FOUND FOUND FOUND FOUND FOUND ce e c e c oc C. Chase NO LINK NO LINK --- Joint cNO LINK NO LINK N o O LINK NO LINK c o S h S FOUND FOUND ConferehncFOUND FOUND FOUND FOUN S D h mn n m n m e e e e o o o c Rl. o NOc LINK NO LINK Joint --- NOl o LINK NO LINK NO LINK NO LINK c l o Bandguric FOUND FOUND Conferenc FOUNgD FOUND FOUND FOUND g r r r e y e e y e y . . . c c c t S S. N o O LINK tNSO LINK NO LINK NO LINK --- N o O LINK NSO LINK NO LINK t o M M M e Woodruff FOmUND FOeUND FOUND FOUND FOUmND FOUeND FOUND m c c c M. Giese NO LINK NO LINK NO LINK NO LINK NO LINK --- NO LINK NO LINK i r ir r i l e FOUND FOUNDle FOUND FOUND FOUND FOUND eFOUND l i i i t t M S. Pais NO LINK NO LINK tt NMO LINK NO LINK NO LINK NO LINK --- P t Mrogram t a a a i FOUND FOUND FOUiND FOUND FOUND FOUND matiic Link r l i lri l i r t t t y a J. NO LINK NO LINK NO LINyaK NO LINK NO LINK NO LINK Program --- a y T r y Sheehy FOUND FOUND FOUND r Ty FOUND FOUND FOUND matic Link r y T T Section 6: Strategic AsseTssment and Intelligence T e e e e e e c c Gaps cc c c h h h h h h n n n n o on o n 6.l1 Assessment of the Ecosystem's Matulrity and Trajectory l o o o o o o g g g l It is asysessed with high confidence that the United States is plyursuing a mature, well-funded, and y l o . o. . o highly sopchisticated clandestine program in FRC/CFR technologcy. The ecosystem has c S g o S go S o g e deliberately emvolved frome a single "black" program into a diversified mportfolio, emeploying a m y y y c "barbell" strategy to hedgec technological risk. This involves a heavy investment inc the mature r . r . r . e FRC approach, balanced by semaller, seed-funded investments in more revolutionarye "gray" c c c t t t M o track concepts like quantum vacuMum propulsion and metamaterials. The gov o ernment, M o S S S i particularly through NSF SBIR progiram managers, is actively cultivating this ecosystem byi l m l m l m i i i e t fostering ceonvergence and cross-pollintation between these disparate tracks at curated eventts. e a a a c r c r rc y y y 6.2 Identification of Intelligence Gaps and Recommendations for r T r T Tr e e Future Collecetion e ee c c c t t t h h h M M M n● Gap 1 (Procurement Obfuscation): The exanct methods used by the "black" track primes n o o o to procure components from the Tier 2/3 suppliers remain unknown. i l i l li l o l o ol i ○ Recommendationi: Task financial intelligence (FININT) assets to trace payments i g g g t t t a yfrom Lockheed Martina and Boeing corporate entiyties to the identified suppliers, ya . . . clooking for patterns that do not align with public-facicng programs. c r r r y S ● Gap o2 ("Gray" S Track Progress)y: The technical progress anod ultimate S sponsorship of the o y e m e m e m T c "gray" track entities (cUnLAB, FPT) aTre not fully transparent. c T r r r e e e e e e t t t c M M c M c h i l i l h i l h i i i t t t n a a n a n r r r o y y o y o T T T l l l o e e o e o c c c g h h g h g n n n y y y o o o . l l . l . o o o c c c g g g o y y o y o . . . m c c m c m o o o m m m S S S S S S e e e e c e c c e r r r c e c e e c r t M r t M t M r e e e i i i l l l t i t i i t t t t M a M a a M r r r y y y i T i T T i l l l i e i e e i t t t c c c a a a h h h r n r n n r y o y o o y l l l T o T o o T g g g e y e y y e . . . c c c c c c S o S o S o h h h e ○ Rmecommenedation: Prioritize monitoring of SBIR/STTRm databasese for any Phase II m nc c n c n or, critically, Phase III awards to these entities. A Phase III award would signify a r r r e e e o successful technology transition into a formalo, non-SBIR government acquisition o t t t M M M l program. l l o o o i l ● Gap 3 (Human Capital "Seciolnd-Hop"): The full scope of MSNW's current work i l i i i gt t g t g a following the return of Helion co-faounder John Slough, and its potential role as a new a yr "gray" track, requires deeper investrigation. y r y y y y .T ○ Recommendation: Initiate a deTdicated deep-dive investiga.tion into MSNW LLC, its T . ce e c e c personnel, contracts, and technical publications, treating it as a new high-priority oc c o c o S h Sentity of interest. h S h mn n m n m e e e o o o Works cited c l o c l o c l o g g g r r r e 1. Skunyk Works - W e ikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skuynk_Works 2. Pulsed Power - e y . . . General Actomics, https://www.ga.com/pulsed-power 3. General cAtomics | RELL Power, c t S o tS o S t o M https://www.rellpower.cMom/manufacturers/general-atomics/ 4. General Atomics to Provide M e m e m e m c Missile Tracking Payloads cfor Lockheed Martin's SDA Tranche 2 Tracking Layer Ccontract, i r https://www.ga.com/ga-to-pr irovide-missile-tracking-payloads-for-lockheed-martin-s-rsda-tranche- i l e le e l i i i t t M 2-tracking-layer-contract 5. Pulstte M d and DC Power Systems | Advanced Energy, t M t a a a https://www.advancedenergy.com/en-us/products/plasma-power-products/pulsed-and-dc-power- i i i r l i systems/ 6. Innovations in Power Co lrniversion for Defense and Aerospace - Advanced Ener l giy, r t t t y a ya a y https://www.advancedenergy.com/en-us/about/news/blog/innovations-in-power-conversion-for-d r r r T y efense-and-aerospace/ 7. Pulsed Power, T Pylasma & Fusion - API Capacitor, y T T T T e https://www.api-capacitors.com/pulsed-powere-plasma-fusion/ 8. API Capacitors | DC Capacitors e e e e c c | AC Capacitors Worldwide, https://www.api-capacccitors.com/ 9. API Capacitors Distributor - GD c c h h h h Rectifiers, https://www.gdrectifiers.co.uk/manufactuhrer/api-capacitors/ 10. Thyratrons | Teledyne h n n n n oe2v, https://www.teledyne-e2v.com/en-us/solutions/rf-pon ower/rf-devices/thyratrons 11. About o n Telloedyne e2v, l o l o o o o httpsg://www.teledyneimaging.com/en/company/about-teledygne-imaging/about-teledyne-e2v 12. g l y ly y l o High-Pow . er Thyratrons | Excelitas | National Electronics, o. . o c c c S g https://www o .relltubes.cSom/electron-tubes-vacuum-devices/thyratro go ns 13. HigSh Energy Switches | o g e Excelitas, httpms://www.execelitas.com/product-category/high-energy-smwitches 14e. Thyratrons - m y y y c c c Stellant Systems, https://stellantsystems.com/thyratrons/ 15. Stellant Systems Inc. Wins $9.4M r . r . r . e c Contract for F/A-18 Electron Teube Purchase - EnvZone, c e c t t t M ohttps://envzone.com/award-recorMd/stellant-systems-inc-wins-9-4m-contract-foor-f-a-18-eMlectron-tu o S S S i be-purchase/ 16. Stellant Systems, iInc. Wins $8M in Contracts for Production of High-Powier l m l m l m i i i e t SSPAs, e t te a a a c r https://www.mcicrowavejournal.com/articlers/42237-stellant-systems-inc-wins-8m-in-contracts-forr- c y y y r T production-of-higrh-power-sspas 17. AmperiuTm® HTS Wire - AMSC - American Superconductor, Tr e e https://www.amsc.ecom/gridtec/amperium-hts-weire/ 18. Leading Companies in the Global ee c c c t Superconducting Wiret Market 2025, t h h h M M M nhttps://www.intellectualmarketinsights.com/blog/leadning-companies-in-the-global-superconductin n o o o g-wire-market-2025 19. Amperium® Stainless Steel Laminated Wire - American i l i l li l o l o ol i Superconductor, i i g g g t t t a https://ywww.amsc.com/wp-conten a t/uploads/SSAMP8612_DS_yA4_0614_WEB.pdf 20. Top ya Manufac.tucrers of Superconducting Wire Industry: Bruker - max.imcize market research, . c r r r y S https://wwwo.maximize S marketresearch.cyom/competitive-analysis/suoperconduc S ting-wire-industry/2 o y e m e m e m T c 65657/ 21. Ascend NMR M c agnets - BrukeTr, c T r r r e e e e e e t t t c M M c M c h i l i l h i l h i i i t t t n a a n a n r r r o y y o y o T T T l l l o e e o e o c c c g h h g h g n n n y y y o o o . l l . l . o o o c c c g g g o y y o y o . . . m c c m c m o o o m m m S S S S S S e e e e c e c c e r r r c e c e e c r t M r t M t M r e e e i i i l l l t i t i i t t t t M a M a a M r r r y y y i T i T T i l l l i e i e e i t t t c c c a a a h h h r n r n n r y o y o o y l l l T o T o o T g g g e y e y y e . . . c c c c c c S o S o S o h h h e https://www.bmruker.com/een/products-and-solutions/mr/nmr/ascend-nmmr-magnetes.html 22. m nc c n c n Superconducting Magnets - General Atomics, https://www.ga.com/superconducting-magnets/ r r r e e e o 23. Cryomagnetics, inc.: Superconducting Magnet Manufaocturer, https://cryomagnetics.com/ 24. o t t t M M M l Custom and OEM Superconducting Magnet Systems - Cryomlagnetics, l o o o i l https://cryomagnetics.com/productsi/loem-superconducting-magnet/ 25. Superconducting i l i i i gt t g t g a Magnets Manufacturers and Suppliers ain the USA and Canada, a yr https://www.thomasnet.com/suppliers/usar/superconducting-magnets-y49610603 26. Vacuum r y y y y .T Chambers | Kimball Physics | Top Modular UTHV (Ultra High Vacuum) Va.cuum Chambers !, T . ce e c e c https://www.kimballphysics.com/product-category/multi-cf-hardware/vacuum-chambers/ 27. Find oc c o c o S hTop SpSherical Squares at Kimball Physics, h S h mnhttps://www.kimballphysics.com/product-category/munlti-cf-hardware/vacuum-ch m ambers/spherical n m e e e o o o -squares/ 28. Vacuum systems for Research and Development applications, c l o c l o c l o https://www.edwardsvacuum.com/en-uk/vacuum-pumps/our-markets/vacuum-systems-for-resea g g g r r r e rch-andy-developm e ent-applications 29. Why Edwards Vacuumy Pumps are So Popular, e y . . . https://wwcw.vacuumpumprepairusa.com/why-edwards-vacuum-pcumps-are-so-popular/ 30. c t S o tS o S t o M Laser-based plasma diMagnostics - General Atomics, M e m e m e m c https://www.ga.com/centerc-of-excellence/advanced-diagnostics/laser-based-plascma-diagnostics i l r e 31. Advanced Diagnostics a irnled Sensors - General Atomics, r e i l i i i t t M https://www.ga.com/magnetic-futts M ion/diagnostics 32. Center of Excellence Advanced t M t a a a Diagnostics - General Atomics, https://www.ga.com/center-of-excellence/advanced-diagnostics/ i i i r l i 33. Thomson Scattering Digitizers - T lrieledyne SP Devices, l i r t t t y a ya a y https://www.spdevices.com/what-we-do/applications/thomson-scattering 34. Interferometers and r r r T y Reflectometers for Plasma Diagnostics up Ty to 300 GHz - ELVA-1, y T T T T e https://elva-1.com/products/a40060 35. Fusioen Technology Systems | General Atomics, e e e e c c https://www.ga.com/fusion-technologies 36. DIII-ccD National Fusion Program Completes c c h h h h Year-Long Facility Upgrade | General Atomics, h h n n n n ohttps://www.ga.com/diii-d-national-fusion-program-comon pletes-year-long-facility-upgrade 37. o n Olvoerview of neutral beam injectors for plasma heating alnod diagnostics developed at Budker INP l o o o o - Camgbridge University Press, g g l y ly y l o https://w.ww.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-plasma-phyo.sics/article/overview-of-neutral-b . o c c c S g eam-injecto o rs-for-plasSma-heating-and-diagnostics-developed-at-b go udker-inp/ES4BC3F466BA5EB o g e 347942C9ADm555CE3E0e 38. DOE SBIR Phase I: Power System for mLong-Pulsee Neutral Beam m y y y c c c Injectors, r . r . r . e e e c https://www.eagleharbortech.com/research-items/doe-sbir-phase-i-powerc-system-for-long-pulse- c t t t M oneutral-beam-injectors/ 39. NeutMral beam injector research and developmenot work in thMe USA - o S S S i INIS-IAEA, https://inis.iaea.org/recoirds/zmk0h-vqh39 40. James A. Rome, Y-K. M. Peng, Ji. N. l m l m l m i i i e t a Davidson eOak Ridge National Laborattoary, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830 Neutral beam injecttioane c r hea - OSTI, hcttps://www.osti.gov/servlets/rpurl/5182402 41. TAE Technologies - Wikipedia, rc y y y r T https://en.wikiperdia.org/wiki/TAE_TechnologTies 42. TAE rearranges its leadership and gets Tr e e ready for next cha e pter in fusion quest backed bey Paul Allen - GeekWire, ee c c c t hhttps://www.geekwiret.com/2018/tae-rearranges-leahdership-gets-ready-next-chapter-fusion-ques h t M M M nt-backed-paul-allen/ 43. Introducing TAE Power Soluntions, a power management spin-off n o o o company from fusion energy leader TAE Technologies, i l i l li l o l o ol i https://tae.com/introducing-taei-power-solutions-a-power-management-spin-off-company-from-fu i g g g t t t a sion-enyergy-leader-tae-technologaies/ 44. Leadership - TAE Teychnologies, ya . . . https://taec.com/leadership/ 45. Report: Helion Energy Business cBreakdown & Founding Story | c r r r y S Contrary Reosearch, ht S tps://research.coyntrary.com/company/heliono 46. en.wik S ipedia.org, o y e m e m e m T c https://en.wikipedia.org/wikci/Zap_Energy 4T7. Avalanche - Lowercarbon Capital, c T r r r e e e e e e t t t c M M c M c h i l i l h i l h i i i t t t n a a n a n r r r o y y o y o T T T l l l o e e o e o c c c g h h g h g n n n y y y o o o . l l . l . o o o c c c g g g o y y o y o . . . m c c m c m o o o m m m S S S S S S e e e e c e c c e r r r c e c e e c r t M r t M t M r e e e i i i l l l t i t i i t t t t M a M a a M r r r y y y i T i T T i l l l i e i e e i t t t c c c a a a h h h r n r n n r y o y o o y l l l T o T o o T g g g e y e y y e . . . c c c c c c S o S o S o h h h e https://lowercmarbon.com/ecompany/avalanche/ 48. Home - Realta Fumsion Inc %,e m nc c n c n https://realtafusion.com/ 49. This series contains all of the faculty publications for every year the, r r r e e e o https://oasis.library.unlv.edu/all_fac_articles/index.130.htmol 50. High Energy Astrophysical o t t t M M M l Phenomena Oct 2021 - arXiv, http://arxiv.org/list/astro-ph.HE/l2021-10?skip=125&show=1000 l o o o i l 51. EP1672966A2 - Plasma jet systielms and methods - Google Patents, i l i i i gt t g t g a https://patents.google.com/patent/EP16a72966A2/en 52. US9502202B2 - Systems and methodas yr for generating coherent ..., https://patentsr.google.com/patent/US9502y202B2/en r y y y y .T T . T . ce e c e c oc c o c o S h S h S h mn n m n m e e e o o o c l o c l o c l o g g g r r r e y e y e y . . . c c c t S o tS o S t o M M M e m e m e m c c c i r ir r i l e le e l i i i t t M ttM t M t a a a i i i r l i lri l i r t t t y a ya a y r r r T y Ty y T T T T e e e e e e c c cc c c h h h h h h n n n n o on o n l l l o o o o o o g g g l y ly y l o . o. . o c c c S g o S go S o g e m e m e m y y y c c c r . r . r . e e e c c c t t t M o M o M o S S S i i i l m l m l m i i i e t e t te a a a c r c r rc y y y r T r T Tr e e e e ee c c c t t t h h h M M M n n n o o o i l i l li l o l o ol i i i g g g t t t a y a y ya . . . c c c r r r S o S o S o y y y e m e m e m T c c T c T r r r e e e e e e t t t c M M c M c h i l i l h i l h i i i t t t n a a n a n r r r o y y o y o T T T l l l o e e o e o c c c g h h g h g n n n y y y o o o . l l . l . o o o c c c g g g o y y o y o . . . m c c m c m o o o m m m