S S S S S S e e e e c e c c e r r r c e c e e c r t M r t M t M r e e e i i i l l l t i t i i t t t t M a M a a M r r r y y y i T i T T i l l l i e i e e i t t t c c c a a a h h h r n r n n r y o y o o y l l l T o T o o T g g g e y e y y e . . . c c c c c c S o S o S o h h h e m e m e m nc c n c n r U.S. Clandesrtine Propulsion Portfolrio: e e e o o o t t t M M M l Identification and Analysisl of Emergent l o o o i i i l l l i i i gt t g t g a "Gray Track" Resaearch Vectors a yr r y r y y y y .T T . T . ce e c e c Introduction: The Evolving Clandestine Ecosystem oc c o c o S h S h S h mn n m n m e e e oThe United States' pursuit of revolutionary aerospace coapabilities is a complex, multi-layered o c po l ortfolio of recsearch and development, deliberately struc l toured to maximize security and hedge c l o g g g r technological risrk. The established intelligence picture defines a sophisticated architecture r e y e y e y comprisi.ng at least three distinct but thematically linked tracks. .The foundational "black" track is . c c c t S a hardwareo-focused etSffort at Lockheed Martin Skunk Works® to doevelop a mSobile power source t o M M M e based on a Fmield-Reverseed Configuration (FRC) Compact Fusion Remactor (CFRe), with a credible m c c c i r scientific lineage from Los Air lamos National Laboratory (LANL). This core effort is p r rotected by a i l e le e l i public-facing "white" track—thei NAVAIR "Pais Effect" patents—which functions as a i t t M ttM t M t a sophisticated instrument of strateagic misdirection. An emergent "gray" track, represented by the a r i l i UnLAB venture led by former Skunki lr W i orks® manager Charles Chase, constitutes a i l i r t t t y a next-generation evolution, pursuing a myaore revolutionary solid-state quantum vacuum a y T r y propulsion concept under an agile and der Tn y iable corporate structure. r y T T This report moves beyond this established bTaseline to identify and profile additional U.S.-based T e e e e e e "gray track" entities operating within this clandestine ecosystem. The core methodology is a c c cc c c hsystematic forensic analysis of the Department of hDefense's (DoD) Small Business Innovation h h h h nResearch (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Trnansfer (STTR) award databases, a primary n n o on o n vector for government-vetted, high-risk technology development. This data mining is followed by l l l o o o o a deep-dive investigation into the corporate structures, tecohnical claims, and, most critically, the o g g g l principyal investigators (PIs) of any identified entities of intereslyt. y l o . o. . o The invesctigation has yielded several significant findings. First, tche analysis has identified and c S g o S go S o g profiled two new high-value entities that fit the "gray track" template: Field Propulsion e m e m e m c y Technologies, Inc., a recicpient of multiple DoD and National Sciencey Foundationc (NSF) awards y r e . for dual-use metamaterial te r cehnology, and Woodruff Scientific, Inc., a .specialized r eplasma . c c c t physics firm with deep ties to thte national laboratory system and a history of Departmetnt of M o M o M o S EnergSy (DoE) funding for research directly relevant to the Skunk Works® CFR program. S i i i l m l m l m i Second, the existence of these paralliel efforts reveals a deliberate DoD strategy of cultivatinig a e t e t te a a a diversified portfolio of high-risk propulsion concepts. Finally, the investigation has uncovered the c r c r rc y first dispositive evidence of a converging pyrofessional network among the principals of these y r T r T Tr e e "gray" programs, ceonfirming that they are not o e perating in isolation but are part of a broader, ee c government-cultivated community of practice. c c t t t h h h M M M n n n oPart I: Forensic Analysis of theo Federal R&D Funding o i l i l li l o l o ol i Landscape i i g g g t t t a y a y ya . . . c c c r S Methodo o logy: MSining the SrBIR/STTR Database f o or "GrayS Track" o r y y y e m e m e m T c c T c T r r r e e e e e e t t t c M M c M c h i l i l h i l h i i i t t t n a a n a n r r r o y y o y o T T T l l l o e e o e o c c c g h h g h g n n n y y y o o o . l l . l . o o o c c c g g g o y y o y o . . . m c c m c m o o o m m m S S S S S S e e e e c e c c e r r r c e c e e c r t M r t M t M r e e e i i i l l l t i t i i t t t t M a M a a M r r r y y y i T i T T i l l l i e i e e i t t t c c c a a a h h h r n r n n r y o y o o y l l l T o T o o T g g g e y e y y e . . . c c c c c c S o S o S o h h h e Signaturems e m e m nc c n c n r r r e e e o The primary search methodology for this investigation invoolved a comprehensive query and o t t t M M M l analysis of the official U.S. government SBIR/STTR awards dlatabase (SBIR.gov) and the l o o o i i i l System for Award Management (SAMl.gov). The search focused on identifying patterns andl key i i i gt t g t g a indicators consistent with the establishead "gray track" template: a small, agile company led bya a yr r y r y y credible PI, pursuing revolutionary physicsy with U.S. government seed funding. y .T The SBIR/STTR program is an ideal vector fTor identifying such entities. .By design, it is a T . ce e c e c mechanism for the government to fund high-risk, high-reward "deep technology" at the small oc c o c o S hbusineSss level, providing a deniable and flexible alhternative to large-scale, bureaucratic S h mn n m n m e programs ewith prime contractors. The program provides non-dilutive funding, allowing e o o o c colm o panies to c develop proprietary technology without cedl o ing equity or control, making it a c l o perfegct vehicle for sensitive or long-term R&D that may havge dual-use or national security g r r r e implicaytions. e y e y . . . The searcch was executed for all awards from 2015 to the presenct, with results filtered for awards c t S o tS o S t o M sponsored by key DoDM agencies with a known interest in advanced aerospace technologies: the M e m e m e m c Air Force Research Laboractory (AFRL), the Defense Advanced Research Projectcs Agency i r ir r i l e (DARPA), the Office of Navall eResearch (ONR), and the Missile Defense Agency (MDeA). A l i i i t t M broad set of keywords derived fttroMm the known physics of the clandestine programs wat Ms t a a a employed, including but not limited to: propellant-less, field propulsion, vacuum energy, i i i r l i t zero-point, electrodynamic, metamat lr ei trial propulsion, inertial mass reduction, spacetime me l itrtic, r y a ya a y compact torus, FRC, spheromak, and counter-helicity. r r r T y Ty y T T T T e e Analysis of Search Results: Sepaereating Signal from Noise e e c c cc c c h h h h The initial keyword search produced a high volumeh of results, the majority of which were h n n n n odetermined to be irrelevant "noise" upon closer inspecotnion. The use of acronyms and technical o n l l l teroms across disparate scientific fields creates numerouso false positives. For example, a search o o o o g g g for "FRC" returned an award to "HARRIS FRC CORPORATION," a company involved in the l y ly y l o developm.ent of a pharmaceutical compound, not plasma physoi.cs. Similarly, a search for . o c c c S g "compact toorus" identiSfied an award for a "Compact Torus-Shapedgo Organic RSanking Cycle," a o g e concept relatemd to solar tehermal power generation, not fusion energym. e m y y y c c c r . A secondary filtering processr was therefore required, involving a manua . l review of rall award . e e e c abstracts to identify those with direct and unambiguous relevance to advacnced propulsion, c t t t M odirected energy, or compact fusio M n concepts. This process successfully isolaoted a smal M l number o S S S i l mof high-signal entities. The analysis iclonfirmed that Field Propulsion Technolomgies, Inc. ai lnd m i i i e t e t te a Woodruff Scientific, Inc. were the moast significant leads, warranting a full deep-dive a c r investigation.c The specific government corntracts that form the evidentiary basis for this report rc y y y r T are detailed in Trable 1. T Tr e e e e ee Award Award Title Company Principal Sponsoring Phase Year Total c c c t t t hNumber Name Investigator Aghency Amount h M M M n n n FA8649-24-Propellant-lField Richard DOD I 2024 $74,838 o o o i Pl-0067 ess Proipulsion Banduric (AFRL) l li l o l o ol i g Spacecraft Techniologi g g i t t t a yPropulsion es Inc. a y ya . . . r cSystem r c c r S o S o S o y e 2423107 A m dvanced eField Riychard NSF II m 2024 e$1,000,000 m y T c c T c T r r r e e e e e e t t t c M M c M c h i l i l h i l h i i i t t t n a a n a n r r r o y y o y o T T T l l l o e e o e o c c c g h h g h g n n n y y y o o o . l l . l . o o o c c c g g g o y y o y o . . . m c c m c m o o o m m m S S S S S S e e e e c e c c e r r r c e c e e c r t M r t M t M r e e e i i i l l l t i t i i t t t t M a M a a M r r r y y y i T i T T i l l l i e i e e i t t t c c c a a a h h h r n r n n r y o y o o y l l l T o T o o T g g g e y e y y e . . . c c c c c c S o S o S o h h h e Award Amward Title eCompany Principal Sponsoring Phase mYear eTotal m nc c n c n r Number Namre Investigator Agency rAmount e e e o propulsion Propulsion Banduric o o t t t M M M l system for Technologi l l o o o i i i l spacecraft es Inc. l l i i i gt t g t g a based on a a yr r y r y y the y y .T Unresolved T . T . ce e c e c Longitudina oc c o c o S h Sl Ampere h S h mn n m n m e eTension e o o o c l o F c orces in l o c l o g Conductors g g r r r e FA864y9-24-Compeact Field Richard DOD IyI 2024 $1,249,947 e y . . . P-1048 cRadiation Propulsion Banduric (AFRL) c c t S o tS o S t o M Emitter MTechnologi M e m e m e m c esc Inc. c i r ir r i l e 2213139 Advanced Fieldl e Richard NSF I 2022 e$256,000 l i i i t t M Propellant-lPropuls ttiMon Banduric t M t a a a i ess Technologii i r l i lri l i r t propulsion es Inc. t t y a ya a y r system for r r T y Ty y T spacecraft T T T e e e e based on e e c c the cc c c h h h h n Unresolved h n n h n o Longitudina on o n l l l o o l Ampere o o o o g g g Tension l y ly y l o .Forces in o. . o c c c S g oConductoSrs go S o g e m e m e m y DE-SC000 Production Woodruff Simon DOE II y2007 $749,994 y c c c r . 0858 of Strong Scierntific, Woodruff . r . e e e c c c t Magnetic Inc. t t S M o SFields in a M o M S o i i i l m Spheromak l m l m i i i e t e t te a by a a c r c r rc y Repetitive y y r T r T Tr Injection e e e e ee and c c c t t t M h CompressiM h h M n n n on of a o o o i l Compact i l li l o l o ol i g Torus i g g i t t t a yPlasma a y ya . . . r DE-SC00c2 Stability Woodruff Srimon DOE II c 2020 $340,000 c r S o S o S o y y y e 0654 amnd Control eScientific, Woodruff m e m T c c T c T r r r e e e e e e t t t c M M c M c h i l i l h i l h i i i t t t n a a n a n r r r o y y o y o T T T l l l o e e o e o c c c g h h g h g n n n y y y o o o . l l . l . o o o c c c g g g o y y o y o . . . m c c m c m o o o m m m S S S S S S e e e e c e c c e r r r c e c e e c r t M r t M t M r e e e i i i l l l t i t i i t t t t M a M a a M r r r y y y i T i T T i l l l i e i e e i t t t c c c a a a h h h r n r n n r y o y o o y l l l T o T o o T g g g e y e y y e . . . c c c c c c S o S o S o h h h e Award Amward Title eCompany Principal Sponsoring Phase mYear eTotal m nc c n c n r Number Namre Investigator Agency rAmount e e e o of Burning Inc. o o t t t M M M l Tokamak l l o o o i i i l Plasmas l l i i i gt t g t g a DE-AR000 ARPA-E Woodruff Simaon DOE N/A 2019 $54,434 a yr r y r y y 1175 Fusion Scientific, Woodyruff (ARPA-E) y .T T . T . Costing Inc. ce e c e c Code oc c o c o S hPar S t II: Dossiers of Newly Idehntified Entities of Intere S st h mn n m n m e e e o o o c D l oossier: F c ield Propulsion Technologies, I l noc. (FPT) c l o g g g r r r e y e y e y . . . Corporacte Structure and Leadership c c t S o tS o S t o M M M e m e m e m Field Propulsion Technologies Inc. (FPT) is a for-profit Subchapter S Corporation located in c c c i r Aurora, Colorado, founded iinr July 2017. The company's Principal Investigator and rCEO is i l e le e l i i i t t M Richard Banduric. Banduric is att ls M o associated with the entity "Displacement Field Techt M nologies t a Inc." and the website electricspacaecraft.org, which serves as a public-facing repository for his a i i i r l i theoretical physics work. Banduric's lrpirofessional history includes claims of over four decadleis of r t t t y a ya a y experience in electrical engineering and applied physics, including work at a r r r T y reverse-engineering firm, experience with T yLockheed systems, development of flight software for y T T T T e NASA's Europa Clipper mission, and a past peroject with the Defense Advanced Research e e e e c c Projects Agency (DARPA). cc c c h h h h h h n n n Consolidated Federal Funding Analysis n o on o n l l l o o o o o o Fedegral award databases confirm that FPT has received ovger $2.8 million in combined federal g l y ly y l contracts and grants since its inception. The funding profile reveals a clear dual-use o . o. . o c c c development path, with awards for both propulsion and directed energy applications, primarily S g o S go S o g e from the Air Fmorce Reseaerch Laboratory (AFRL) and the National Scmience Founedation (NSF). m y y y c Key awards include: c c r . r . r . e c ● An AFRL Phase II SBIRe contract (FA8649-24-P-1048) for $1,249,94c7 for a "coempact c t t t M o radiation emitter". M o M o S S S i ● An AFRL Phase I SBIR contraict (FA8649-24-P-0067) for $74,838 for a "propellant-leiss l m l m l m i i i e t thruester for the spacecraft". t te a a a c r ● An NSFc Phase II SBIR grant (2423r107) for $1,000,000 to develop an "advanced rc y y y r T propulsionr system for spacecraft baseTd on the Unresolved Longitudinal Ampere Tension Tr e e Forces in Coenductors". e ee c c c t ● An NSF Phaset I SBIR grant (2213139) for $256,000 for foundational research into the t h h h M M M n same "Ampere Tension Forces" concept. n n oThe dual-use nature of FPT's government funding is ao critical indicator of its strategic relevance. o i l i l li l Thoe "compact radiation emittelr" award is not for a benigno commercial application; its abstract ol i i i g g g t explicitly details its purpose as tthe "nondestructive deactivation of electronic equipment in t a y a y ya weapons. and vehicles," with potential applications against "swa.rms of autonomous drones and . c c c r r r S incoming nuoclear warhSeads". The fact that the same company is boeing fundeSd by the same DoD o y y y e m e m e m agency (AFRL) to develop both a weapon system and a "propellant-less thruster" based on the T c c T c T r r r e e e e e e t t t c M M c M c h i l i l h i l h i i i t t t n a a n a n r r r o y y o y o T T T l l l o e e o e o c c c g h h g h g n n n y y y o o o . l l . l . o o o c c c g g g o y y o y o . . . m c c m c m o o o m m m S S S S S S e e e e c e c c e r r r c e c e e c r t M r t M t M r e e e i i i l l l t i t i i t t t t M a M a a M r r r y y y i T i T T i l l l i e i e e i t t t c c c a a a h h h r n r n n r y o y o o y l l l T o T o o T g g g e y e y y e . . . c c c c c c S o S o S o h h h e same underlyming metamaeterial physics is dispositive proof that the DmoD views tehis research as a m nc c n c n unified, dual-use platform technology. This elevates FPT from a speculative venture to a r r r e e e o serious, government-vetted defense technology developeor. o t t t M M M l l l o o o i l Technical Assessment: Metamialterials and "New Electrodynamics" i l i i i gt t g t g a a a yr FPT's research is bifurcated into a highlyr theoretical framework and ay more tangible, r y y y y .T hardware-focused development effort. The tTheoretical work, which Band.uric terms "New T . ce e c e c Electrodynamics," posits that the standard formulation of Maxwell's equations is incomplete for oc c o c o S hdescriSbing electrical convection currents (the movehment of charged objects). He revisits JamSes h mnClerk Maxwell's original, more complex bi-quaternionn formulation, arguing that imt contains terms n m e e e o o o that can produce a net propulsive force. His patents, such as US9337752B2, describe devices c l o c l o c l o that use assemblies of rotating and stationary charged elements to manipulate these relativistic g g g r r r e electricy fields to ge e nerate thrust. y e y . . . The work cfunded by the SBIR program, however, is grounded inc a more tangible, c t S o tS o S t o M materials-science-baseMd approach. The award abstracts consistently describe the development M e m e m e m c of "metamaterial compositec conductors with properties that amplify the longitudincal Ampere i r Tension forces from an elec i trric current". This hardware-focused effort aims to enginreer i l e le e l i i i t t M materials with novel electromagttn M etic properties that can be harnessed for both propulst M ion and t a a a directed energy, representing a more experimentally verifiable pathway than the esoteric field i i i r l i theories. lri l i r t t t y a ya a y r r r T y Confidence-Scored Assessment of T Ryelevance y T T T T e e e e e e c c ● Confidence Level: HIGH cc c c h h h h ● Justification: The high-confidence assessmhent of FPT's relevance to the clandestine h n n n n o U.S. advanced propulsion initiative is based on ton he convergence of three powerful pillars o n lof evidence. First, the company is the recipient of lsubstantial, multi-year, and l o o o o o o gmulti-agency federal funding from both the DoD (AFRgL) and NSF for explicitly dual-use g l y ly y l o ap . plications in propulsion and directed energy. Second, oa . verifiable professional link has . o c c c S g been o establisheSd between its principal, Richard Banduric, a go nd the exisSting "gray track" o g e networkm through joeint conference participation with Charles Chmase of UnLeAB, a finding m y y y c detailed in Part III ofc this report. Third, FPT is engaged in a tangible, hardwcare-focused r . r . r . e c R&D program based one metamaterials, a field of intense strategic incterest to tehe DoD. c t t t M o FPT is therefore assessedM as a credible, parallel "gray track" in the U.oS. portfolioM, o S S S i providing a hardware-based ailternative to UnLAB's more theoretical quantum vacuuim l m l m l m i i i e t apperoach. t te a a a c r c r rc y y y r T Dossier: Worodruff Scientific, IncT. Tr e e e e ee c c c t Corporate Structutre and Leadership t h h h M M M n n n o o o Woodruff Scientific, Inc. is a small business founded in 2005 by Dr. Simon Woodruff and is i l i l li l o l o ol i located in Santa Fe, New Mexiico. Dr. Woodruff, who holds a Ph.D. in Plasma Physics, serves i g g g t t t a as the ycompany's CEO and Princ a ipal Investigator on its goverynment research awards. ya A deep-d.icve investigation into Dr. Woodruff's professional histo.ryc and network reveals a career . c r r r y S deeply integorated with S the U.S. nationayl laboratory system, which oforms the s S cientific bedrock of o y e m e m e m T c the nation's fusion energy c research. He wTas a post-doctoral researcher at Lawren c ce Livermore T r r r e e e e e e t t t c M M c M c h i l i l h i l h i i i t t t n a a n a n r r r o y y o y o T T T l l l o e e o e o c c c g h h g h g n n n y y y o o o . l l . l . o o o c c c g g g o y y o y o . . . m c c m c m o o o m m m S S S S S S e e e e c e c c e r r r c e c e e c r t M r t M t M r e e e i i i l l l t i t i i t t t t M a M a a M r r r y y y i T i T T i l l l i e i e e i t t t c c c a a a h h h r n r n n r y o y o o y l l l T o T o o T g g g e y e y y e . . . c c c c c c S o S o S o h h h e National Labomratory (LLNeL) and has a long and documented historym of collaboreations and m nc c n c n contracts with the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL). He is also an active participant r r r e e e o in technology and entrepreneurship events hosted by or ino conjunction with Los Alamos o t t t M M M l National Laboratory (LANL) and has professional affiliations tlhat link him to Sandia National l o o o i l Laboratories. A comprehensive seairlch revealed no discernible professional links betweeni lDr. i i i gt t g t g a Woodruff and major defense prime conatractors such as Lockheed Martin, Boeing, Northrop a yr Grumman, or Raytheon. r y r y y y y .T T . T . ce e c e c Consolidated Federal Funding Analysis oc c o c o S h S h S h mnWoodruff Scientific has a long and consistent historyn of receiving SBIR and STTmR awards from n m e e e o o o the Department of Energy. An analysis of these awards reveals a clear focus on technologies c l o c l o c l o directly related to compact torus fusion concepts. g g g r r r e A key ayward, gran e ted in 2007, was a Phase II SBIR from the yDoE (DE-SC0000858) for e y . . . $749,994c for a project titled, "Production of Strong Magnetic Fieclds in a Spheromak by c t S o tS o S t o M Repetitive Injection andM Compression of a Compact Torus Plasma". More recently, the company M e m e m e m c has received a $1,000,000c DoE award for developing virtual reality data visualizaction tools for i r science and engineering, an ird a $340,000 award for research into the "Stability andr Control of i l e le e l i i i t t M Burning Tokamak Plasmas". Thtte M company has also received smaller contracts from AtR M PA-E to t a a a develop advanced costing models for innovative fusion energy systems. i i i r l i lri l i r t t t y a ya a y Technical Assessment: Advanced Spheromak and Compact Torus Compression r r r T y Ty y T T T T e The technical focus of Woodruff Scientific is neot merely adjacent to the Skunk Works® CFR e e e e c c program; it is centered on solving the exact samcce class of fundamental physics and engineering c c h h h h challenges. The CFR is a Field-Reversed Configurahtion (FRC), which is a type of compact toroid h n n n n oplasma. A spheromak is a closely related magnetic coon n finement concept, and the core o n chlallenges of plasma formation, stability, helicity injectionl, and compression are common to both l o o o o o o apprgoaches. g g l y ly y l o The 2007 . SBIR award is of paramount significance. Its abstraco. t details a plan to "develop a new . o c c c S g means for g o enerating Sstrong magnetic fields from a low current so go urce, nameSly, the repetitive o g e injection of hemlicity-bearineg plasma that also undergoes an acceleratmion and coempression". This m y y y c research directly addressecs the central technical hurdles faced by any compact tocrus fusion r . r . r . e c program, including the Skunke Works® effort. Given Dr. Woodruff's deep acnd establisehed c t t t M oconnections to the national laborMatories that form the scientific foundation of othe Skunk MWorks® o S S S i program (LANL and PPPL), it is higihly plausible that his small, agile company was tasked iwith l m l m l m i i i e t exploring ea specific sub-problem or ant alternative technical approach in an unclassified or "gtraye" a a a c r setting. This rcepresents a classic operatiornal model for leveraging the broader R&D ecosystem rc y y y r T to support a clanrdestine effort, allowing for rTapid, focused research without the bureaucratic and Tr e e security overheade of the primary "black" prograem. ee c c c t t t h h h M M M nConfidence-Scored Assessment of Relevancne n o o o i l i l li l o● Confidence Level: HIGlH o ol i i i g g g t ● Justification: The high-ctonfidence assessment of Woodruff Scientific's relevance is t a y a y ya ba.sed on the perfect alignment of three critical vectors. F.irst, the Principal Investigator, Dr. . c c c r r r S Simoon WoodruffS, is a subject matter expert whose career is odeeply andS verifiably o y y y e m e m e m integrated with the core national laboratories (LANL, LLNL, PPPL) that form the scientific T c c T c T r r r e e e e e e t t t c M M c M c h i l i l h i l h i i i t t t n a a n a n r r r o y y o y o T T T l l l o e e o e o c c c g h h g h g n n n y y y o o o . l l . l . o o o c c c g g g o y y o y o . . . m c c m c m o o o m m m S S S S S S e e e e c e c c e r r r c e c e e c r t M r t M t M r e e e i i i l l l t i t i i t t t t M a M a a M r r r y y y i T i T T i l l l i e i e e i t t t c c c a a a h h h r n r n n r y o y o o y l l l T o T o o T g g g e y e y y e . . . c c c c c c S o S o S o h h h e backbomne of the Ue.S. fusion enterprise. Second, the companym has a histoery of direct, m nc c n c n verifiable DoE SBIR funding for research into the exact physics (compact torus r r r e e e o compression, spheromaks) central to the Skunk Woorks® CFR program. Third, the o t t t M M M l company's location in Santa Fe, New Mexico, providesl geographic proximity and a natural l o o o i l interface with Los Alamos Naitlional Laboratory. Woodruff Scientific is therefore asseislsed i i i gt t g t g a as a critical and highly credible naode in the "gray" R&D ecosystem supporting the primaary yr clandestine advanced propulsion prrogram. y r y y y y .T T . T . ce Part III: The Evolving Humaen Capital Netw c ork e c oc c o c o S h S h S h mn n m n m e oThe "USe Space Disruptors Day" Nexus: oConvergence of the Gray e o c Tr l oacks c l o c l o g g g r r r e y e y e y The inve.stigation into the professional networks of the identified. entities revealed a critical . c c c t S nexus pointo: the "US t SSpace Disruptors Day" conference held on Doecember 1S8, 2024. This t o M M M e m e m e m event, co-chaired by U.S. government program managers from the National Science Foundation c c c i r and the Small Business Admirinistration (specifically, Anna Brady-Estevez), is not a rfringe i l e le e l i academic meeting but a sanctiioned forum where the government is actively cultivating and i t t M ttM t M t a vetting a community of "disruptivea" researchers in the aerospace and energy sectors. a i i i r l i The central finding from the analysislr i of this event is the joint participation of Charles Chasel i r t t t y a (UnLAB) and Richard Banduric (FPT) iyna the same presentation session: the "Extended a y r r r T y Electrodynamics (EED), Advanced PhysicTys, & (U)AP Segment". This is the first piece of y T T dispositive evidence of a direct professional Tintersection between the principals of these two T e e e e e e previously parallel "gray" tracks. The session also included presentations from other notable c c cc c c hfigures in the government-adjacent unconventionahl physics community, such as Dr. Hal Puthoff h h h h n n n of EarthTech International and Larry Forsley of Global Energy Corp. and NASA. n o on o n Thle curation of this session by government program malnagers is highly significant. Anna l o o o o o o Bradgy-Estevez is listed as the NSF Program Director for SBgIR awards granted to both FPT and g l UnLABy. Her placement of Chase and Banduric in the same slyession indicates that their work is y l o . o. . o viewed asc thematically linked by their government sponsors. Thics act of deliberate c S g o S go S o g network-weaving transforms the intelligence picture from a set of isolated nodes into an e m e m e m y y y c interconnected web, wherec the government is actively fostering a community of pcractice and r . r . r . e encouraging the cross-pollinaetion of ideas among its high-risk technological bets. e c c c t t t M o M o M o S MappSing the Expanded Ecosystem S i i i l m l m l m i i i e t e t te a a a The discovery of these new entities and their network connections allows for the construction of c r c r rc y y y an updated and more comprehensive map of the clandestine U.S. advanced propulsion r T r T Tr e e ecosystem. This meap illustrates not only the dierect links but also the deliberate firewalls that ee c define the program's sophisticated operational seccurity posture. c t t t h h h M The network is definedM by several key relationships: M n n n o● Gray Track Convergence: A direct link now exiosts between Charles Chase (UnLAB) and o i l i l li l oRichard Banduric (FPTl) via their joint participation oin the "US Space Disruptors Day" ol i i i g g g t conference. t t a y a y ya ● Na.tional Lab Nexus: Dr. Simon Woodruff (Woodruff Scie.ntific) is deeply connected to the . c c c r r r S nationoal laboratoSry system (LANL, PPPL, Sandia), positioninog him as aS potential R&D o y y y e supportm node for thee "black" Skunk Works® program, which hmas its scienetific roots in these m T c c T c T r r r e e e e e e t t t c M M c M c h i l i l h i l h i i i t t t n a a n a n r r r o y y o y o T T T l l l o e e o e o c c c g h h g h g n n n y y y o o o . l l . l . o o o c c c g g g o y y o y o . . . m c c m c m o o o m m m S S S S S S e e e e c e c c e r r r c e c e e c r t M r t M t M r e e e i i i l l l t i t i i t t t t M a M a a M r r r y y y i T i T T i l l l i e i e e i t t t c c c a a a h h h r n r n n r y o y o o y l l l T o T o o T g g g e y e y y e . . . c c c c c c S o S o S o h h h e same inmstitutions. e m e m nc c n c n ● Academic Feeder Pipeline: The laboratory of Dr. Edward Thomas Jr. at Auburn r r r e e e o University continues to function as a critical human ocapital pipeline, producing specialized o t t t M M M l experts who are subsequently employed by key organilzations like LANL, which in turn l o o o i l feeds experienced personnel illike Gabriel Font into the Skunk Works® "black" prograi lm. i i i gt t g t g a ● Compartmentalization: The netawork map continues to be defined by what is absent. a yr There are still no verifiable links bertween the "black" track (McGyuire, Font), the "white" r y y y y .T track (Pais, Sheehy), and the "gray" trTacks (Chase, Banduric, Wo.odruff) at the working T . ce e c e c level, reinforcing the assessment of a professionally managed, compartmentalized oc c o c o S h Ssecurity architecture. h S h mnThe following matrix provides a single, comprehensinve visualization of the entire m clandestine n m e e e o o o U.S. advanced propulsion ecosystem as currently understood. c l o c l o c l o T. G. I. Font C. Chase R. S. E. S. Pais J. Sheehy g g g r r r e yMcGuiree (Skunk (UnLAB) Banduric Woodruyff Thomas (NAVAIR) (NAVAIR) e y . . . c(Skunk Works®) (FPT) (Woodruff cJr. c t S o tS o S t o M Works®) M Sci.) (Auburn) M e m e m e m c T. --- Co-incvent NO LINK NO LINK NO LINK NO LINK NO LIcNK NO LINK i r ir r i l e McGuire or leFOUND FOUND FOUND FOUND FOUND eFOUND l i i i t t M G. I. Font Co-invent --- ttNMO LINK NO LINK NO LINK NO LINK NO LINK N t MO LINK t a a a or FOUND FOUND FOUND FOUND FOUND FOUND i i i r l i lri l i r t C. Chase NO LINK NO LINK --- tJoint NO LINK NO LINK NO LINK NO LINtK y a ya a y r FOUND FOUND rConferencFOUND FOUND FOUND FOUND r T y Ty y T e T T T e e e e Preesenter e c c cc c c R. NO LINK NO LINK Joint --- NO LINK NO LINK NO LINK NO LINK h h h h nBanduric FOUND FOUND Conferenc h nFOUND FOUND FOUND FOUND n h n o e on o n l l l o o Presenter o o o o g g g S. NO LINK NO LINK NO LINK NO LINK --- NO LINK NO LINK NO LINK l y ly y l o Woodru.ff FOUND FOUND FOUND FOUND o.FOUND FOUND FOUND . o c c c S g E. NoO LINK N S O LINK NO LINK NO LINK NO LINK --go- N S O LINK NO LINK o g e m e m e m y Thomas FOUND FOUND FOUND FOUND FOUND yFOUND FOUND y c c c r . Jr. r . r . e e e c c c t S. Pais NO LINK NO LINK tNO LINK NO LINK NO LINK NO LINK --- Ptrogram M o M o M o S SFOUND FOUND FOUND FOUND FOUND FOUND matic SLink i i i l m l m l m i J. NO LINK NO LINK NO LiINK NO LINK NO LINK NO LINK Program --- i e t e t te a a a Sheehy FOUND FOUND FOUND FOUND FOUND FOUND matic Link c r c r rc y y y Part IV: Strategic Assessment and Future Outlook r T r T Tr e e e e ee c c c t hThe DoD's Divertsified Portfolio Stratehgy h t M M M n n n o o o i Thle synthesis of this report'is findings provides a new, higlh-level strategic assessment of the li l o l o ol i U.S. ggovernment's approach toi advanced propulsion. The egvidence indicates that the DoD and g i t t t a its partyner agencies are not pursuaing a single, monolithic pathy. Instead, they are deliberately ya . . . r cultivatingc a diversified portfolio of parrallel, high-risk, high-rewarcd "gray track" programs, each c r S o S o S o y exploring a different and potentially comypeting physics pathway. y e m e m e m T c c T c T r r r e e e e e e t t t c M M c M c h i l i l h i l h i i i t t t n a a n a n r r r o y y o y o T T T l l l o e e o e o c c c g h h g h g n n n y y y o o o . l l . l . o o o c c c g g g o y y o y o . . . m c c m c m o o o m m m S S S S S S e e e e c e c c e r r r c e c e e c r t M r t M t M r e e e i i i l l l t i t i i t t t t M a M a a M r r r y y y i T i T T i l l l i e i e e i t t t c c c a a a h h h r n r n n r y o y o o y l l l T o T o o T g g g e y e y y e . . . c c c c c c S o S o S o h h h e This portfolio mincludes ate least three distinct technological vectors: m e m nc c n c n 1. Plasma/Fusion-Based (FRC/Spheromak): This is the most mature and technologically r r r e e e o grounded vector, represented by the core "black" traock at Skunk Works® and supported o t t t M M M l by specialized "gray" R&D entities like Woodruff Scientlific. l o o o i l 2. Quantum Vacuum / Solid-Stialte: This is an emergent and more speculative vector,i l i i i gt t g t g a represented by the materials-scieance-focused "gray" track at Charles Chase's UnLAB. a yr 3. Novel Electrodynamics / Metamarterials: This is a hardware-yfocused alternative vector, r y y y y .T represented by the dual-use "gray" traTck at Richard Banduric's Fie.ld Propulsion T . ce e c e c Technologies. oc c o c o S hThis pSortfolio approach represents a sophisticatedh risk management strategy. The immenseS h mntechnical challenges and scientific uncertainties of anny single approach—such a m s achieving n m e e e o o o stable confinement of an FRC plasma or proving the existence of a net force from the quantum c l o c l o c l o vacuum—make it strategically prudent to fund multiple concepts in parallel. A breakthrough in g g g r r r e any onye of these " e gray" tracks, which are pursued at relativelyy low cost via the SBIR program, e y . . . could potecntially leapfrog the others and provide the United Statces with a decisive and c t S o tS o S t o M unexpected technologicMal advantage. M e m e m e m c c c i r Recommendations foirr Future Intelligence Collection r i l e le e l i i i t t M ttM t M t a a a The findings of this report lead to several specific, actionable recommendations for the ongoing i i i r l i monitoring of this evolving clandestin lrie landscape. l i r t t t y a ya a y ● Priority 1 (Funding): Continue systematic, keyword-driven monitoring of the SBIR/STTR r r r T y and SAM.gov databases. The focus Ty should be on any new awards to the identified y T T T T e entities of interest (Field Propulsion Tecehnologies, UnLAB, Woodruff Scientific) or the e e e e c c emergence of any new small businesses wccith relevant principal investigators and c c h h h h technical abstracts that match the establishedh keywords. h n n n n o● Priority 2 (Human Capital): Monitor the career on paths and professional networks of the o n l okey personnel identified in this report. Specifically,l torack any movement of employees or l o o o o gconsultants from the "gray track" entities (FPT, Woodgruff Scientific) to major defense g l y ly y l o pri.me contractors (Lockheed Martin, Boeing, Northrop Gor.umman), as this could be a key . o c c c S g indica o tor of a suSccessful technology transition from a resear go ch phase tSo a more mature o g e developmment or acequisition program. m e m y y y c c c ● Priority 3 (Network Convergence): Monitor the agendas, presenter lists, and r . r . r . e e e c proceedings of niche, government-adjacent conferences, particularcly the "US Space c t t t M o Disruptors Day" and the "AMdvanced Propulsion & Energy (APE)" confeorence serieMs. o S S S i These events have been idenitified as critical hubs for networking and legitimization iwithin l m l m l m i i i e t a this ecommunity and serve as a ptraimary venue for identifying new players and observintga e c r the concvergence of previously disprarate research tracks. rc y y y r T r T Tr e e Works cited e e ee c c c t t t h h h M M M n1. Awards - | SBIR, https://www.sbir.gov/awards 2. Pnortfolio - | SBIR, n o o o https://www.sbir.gov/portfolio 3. About This Site - SAM.gov, https://sam.gov/about/this-site 4. i l i l li l o l o ol i System for Award Managemenit - SAM.gov, i g g g t t t a https://ysam.gov/SAM/?mrrqst=77f a Vd4Shs6aYFXS&api_key=RyOEXk2SBBROUbVQ4L38wSJsG ya EvZ3oW.tLcxva9h0zV 5. SBIR.gov, https://www.sbir.gov/ 6. Com.pcany - Firm | SBIR, . c r r r y S https://wwwo.sbir.gov/p S ortfolio/179438 7y. Award | SBIR, https://wwwo.sbir.gov/a S wards/197515 8. o y e m e m e m T c Field Propulsion Technolog c ies Inc. - Firm T| SBIR, https://www.sbir.gov/portfolio/15 c 31055 9. Field T r r r e e e e e e t t t c M M c M c h i l i l h i l h i i i t t t n a a n a n r r r o y y o y o T T T l l l o e e o e o c c c g h h g h g n n n y y y o o o . l l . l . o o o c c c g g g o y y o y o . . . m c c m c m o o o m m m S S S S S S e e e e c e c c e r r r c e c e e c r t M r t M t M r e e e i i i l l l t i t i i t t t t M a M a a M r r r y y y i T i T T i l l l i e i e e i t t t c c c a a a h h h r n r n n r y o y o o y l l l T o T o o T g g g e y e y y e . . . c c c c c c S o S o S o h h h e Propulsion Temchnologiese - HigherGov, m e m nc c n c n https://www.highergov.com/awardee/field-propulsion-technologies-inc-12497296/ 10. r r r e e e o Propellant-less Spacecraft Propulsion System to Enhanceo the DAFĺs Adaptive and o t t t M M M l Reconfigurable Space Force Capabilities in Autonomy - Awalrd | SBIR, l o o o i l https://www.sbir.gov/awards/209243i l11. Richard Banduric - Alternative Propulsion Engineei lring i i i gt t g t g a Conference, https://www.altpropulsion.caom/people/richard-banduric/ 12. Richard BANDURIC a| yr Chief Technology Officer | Research profirle - ResearchGate, y r y y y y .T https://www.researchgate.net/profile/RichardT-Banduric 13. Displacemen.t Field Technologies Inc. T . ce e c e c - Home, http://gator3098-banduric-displacementfieldtech.cluster2.hgsitebuilder.com/about 14. oc c o c o S hElectriSc Spacecraft - Home, http://electricspacecrahft.org/index.html 15. “Forty years ago, I wSas h mninvolved in a company, part owner, that used to do renverse engineering,” aerosp m ace engineer n m e e e o o o Richard Banduric, a professional with a background in Lockheed systems and flight… - c l o c l o c l o Arbaboyd, g g g r r r e https://ymedium.com e /@arbaboyd/forty-years-ago-i-was-involveyd-in-a-company-part-owner-that-u e y . . . sed-to-doc-reverse-engineering-93da7fc04624 16. Richard Bandcuric's extraordinary revelations c t S o tS o S t o M at the round table dicusMsion presented by NASA - The Deeper Thinking Podcast, M e m e m e m c https://thedeeperthinkingpocdcast.podbean.com/e/richard-bandurics-extraordinaryc-revealations-a i l r e t-the-round-table-dicussion- i pr lreesented-by-nasa-the-deeper-thinking-podcast/ 17. Beryeond i l i i i t t M Conventional Physics: Field EffettM cts, Smart Materials, and the Ethics of Disclosure - Ritc M hard t a a a Banduric Isolated Audio - The Deeper Thinking Podcast, i i i r l i https://thedeeperthinkingpodcast.pod lribean.com/e/isolated-audio-1736128412/ 18. SBIR Ph l aise r t t t y a ya a y II: Advanced propulsion system for spacecraft based on the Unresolved Longitudinal Ampere r r r T y Tension Forces in Conductors - Award | S T ByIR, https://www.sbir.gov/awards/207902 19. Field y T T T T e Propulsion Technologies 2025 Company Profeile: Valuation, Funding & Investors, e e e e c c https://pitchbook.com/profiles/company/522856-cc81 20. US20140009098A1 - Interacting c c h h h h complex electric fields and static electric fields to efhfect motion - Google Patents, h n n n n ohttps://patents.google.com/patent/US20140009098A1/on en 21. Richard Banduric Inventions, o n Pal otents and Patent Applications, https://patents.justia.colmo/inventor/richard-banduric 22. l o o o o US93g37752B2 - Interacting complex electric fields and statigc electric ..., g l y ly y l o https://pa.tents.google.com/patent/US9337752B2/en 23. Simono. WOODRUFF | CEO | PhD . o c c c S g Plasma Phy o sics, BSc SAstrophysics | Research profile, go S o g e https://www.remsearchgatee.net/profile/Simon-Woodruff 24. Firm | SBIRm, e m y y y c c c https://www.sbir.gov/portfolio/402446 25. Speaker Details: FusionXInvest London, r . r . r . e e e c https://events.fusionxinvest.com/london23/speaker/737328/simon-woodrucff 26. Compression of c t t t M oCompact Tori for Cureent Drive aMnd Heating - Award | SBIR, o M o S S S i https://www.sbir.gov/awards/124518i 27. Our Story - Pulsed power, magnets and more - i l m l m l m i i i e t a Woodruff Eengineering, https://woodruftfeang.com/about-us/ 28. Testimonials - Pulsed power, t a e c r magnets andc more - Woodruff Engineerinrg, https://woodruffeng.com/testimonials/ 29. (PDF) rc y y y r T Design of a 5.5 MrJ Charge Dump Power SuTpply for the PPPL, Tr e e https://www.resear e chgate.net/publication/3060e57666_Design_of_a_55_MJ_Charge_Dump_Pow ee c c c t her_Supply_for_the_PtPPL_FLARE_Experiment 30h. 2007 talk - FIRE - Princeton Plasma Physics h t M M M nLaboratory, https://fire.pppl.gov/fpa07_woodruff_icc.pndf 31. FIA/ARPA-E Capability Teams n o o o "Lighting Round" Event - Fusion Industry Association, i l i l li l o l o ol i https://www.fusionindustryassoiciation.org/fusion-event-fia-arpa-e-capability-teams-lighting-round i g g g t t t a -event/y 32. Public Information Comamittee Chair - Governancey - Unit - DPP - American Physical ya . . . Society, c c c r r r y S https://engaoge.aps.org S /dpp/governancey/appointed-committees/pubolic-informa S tion-committee 33. o y e m e m e m T c Join LANL, NM entreprenecurs at ScienceFTest Tech Show 2024, c T r r r e e e e e e t t t c M M c M c h i l i l h i l h i i i t t t n a a n a n r r r o y y o y o T T T l l l o e e o e o c c c g h h g h g n n n y y y o o o . l l . l . o o o c c c g g g o y y o y o . . . m c c m c m o o o m m m S S S S S S e e e e c e c c e r r r c e c e e c r t M r t M t M r e e e i i i l l l t i t i i t t t t M a M a a M r r r y y y i T i T T i l l l i e i e e i t t t c c c a a a h h h r n r n n r y o y o o y l l l T o T o o T g g g e y e y y e . . . c c c c c c S o S o S o h h h e https://www.lamnl.gov/medeia/news/0710-sciencefest 34. Fusion and Emnergy Policey - FIRE, m nc c n c n https://fire.pppl.gov/fpa_annual_meet.html 35. LANL Celebrates Intersection Of Science, r r r e e e o Creativity And Community With ScienceFest Technology Sohowcase Day - Los Alamos Reporter, o t t t M M M l https://losalamosreporter.com/2024/07/20/lanl-celebrates-intelrsection-of-science-creativity-and- l o o o i l community-with-sciencefest-technoilolgy-showcase-day/ 36. Partners - Sandia Biotech, i l i i i gt t g t g a https://sandiabio.com/partners 37. Formaer Undergraduate Research Students (Students a yr participating in, https://chemistry.wwu.edur/files/2020-04/Bussell%20Gyroup%20Alumni.pdf 38. r y y y y .T TO LET - Amazon S3, T . T . ce e c e c https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/agents-society-assets-files/aa7bc622cd4d5b96e98960b7 oc c o c o S h61bb4S795-rye002-6pp-brochure-v19.pdf 39. Teamhing Partners - ARPA-E eXCHANGE, S h mnhttps://arpa-e-foa.energy.gov/TeamingPartners.aspxn?foaid=d38ed10b-10ff-4f63 m -9ff6-4797f53f2c n m e e e o o o 90 40. Paul MELNIK | Research Scientist | Doctor of Philosophy | Eagle, c l o c l o c l o https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Paul-Melnik/2 41. Catherine Marie PITTS Obituary (1962 - g g g r r r e 2021) -y Legacy Re e members, y e y . . . https://wwcw.legacy.com/us/obituaries/legacyremembers/catherince-marie-pitts-obituary?id=71314 c t S o tS o S t o M 05 42. Woodruff ScientMific: Home, https://woodruffscientific.com/ 43. Team - Building custom M e m e m e m c magnet, pulsed power sysctems and more, since 2005, https://cms.woodruffeng.ccom/team/ 44. i l r e 990-PF 2021 - Robert W. W i or loedruff Foundation, r e i l i i i t t M https://woodruff.org/wp-content/ttu M ploads/2022/05/RWW-990-PF-2021.pdf 45. 050 Smatl M l t a a a Business in the COVID-19 Environment, with David Hughes and Dr. Simon Woodruff - Stem i i i r l i Southwest, lri l i r t t t y a ya a y http://stemsw.com/050-small-business-in-the-covid-19-environment-with-david-hughes-and-dr-si r r r T y mon-woodruff/ 46. Udall, Heinrich Announ Tyce $2 Million To NM Small Businesses To Support y T T T T e Scientific Innovation, e e e e e c c https://www.heinrich.senate.gov/newsroom/presscc-releases/udall-heinrich-announce-2-million-to- c c h h h h nm-small-businesses-to-support-scientific-innovatiohn 47. GRANT to WOODRUFF SCIENTIFIC, h n n n n oINC - USAspending, https://www.usaspending.gov/awaon rd/ASST_NON_DESC0020654_8900 o n 48l o. GRANT to WOODRUFF SCIENTIFIC, INC | USAspelnoding, l o o o o httpsg://www.usaspending.gov/award/ASST_NON_DEAR00g01175_8900 49. Simon Woodruff - g l y ly y l o Google S.cholar, https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=74Go.lCRYAAAAJ&hl=en 50. ! - ALL . o c c c S g SLIDES - S o pace DisruSptors Day 2024 | PDF | Colorectal Cancer | g o Biopsy - SScribd, o g e https://www.smcribd.com/deocument/831725763/ALL-SLIDES-Space-Dmisruptors-Deay-2024 51. US m y y y c c c Space Disruptors Day: Biotechnology Session 12/18/2024 - Squarespace, r . r . r . e e e c https://static1.squarespace.com/static/668ee027e0d3ec505670fb56/t/676c5f9ffa5d95a427673faf c t t t M od/1734736408058/3rd+Session+MBiotech+US+Space+Disruptors+Day+2024o+12+18+10M49.pdf o S S S i 52. 8th+Session+Communications+iSpace+Disruptors+Day+2024+12+18 | PDF | Spacecriaft l m l m l m i i i e t a Propulsione | Physical Sciences - Scribtda, t a e c r https://www.sccribd.com/document/816363r875/8th-Session-Communications-Space-Disruptors-rc y y y r T Day-2024-12-18r 53. US Space Disruptors DTay Launch and Platforms Session 12/18/2024 Early Tr e e copy of slide disse e mination - Squarespace, e ee c c c t hhttps://static1.squarestpace.com/static/668ee027e0hd3ec505670fb56/t/6765fac39aa3e165e2a81 h t M M M n29c/1734736591713/7th+session+launch+platformsn+US+Space+Disruptors+Day+2024+12+18 n o o o +1031.pdf 54. US Space Disruptors Day Extended Electrodynamics ... - Squarespace, i l i l li l o l o ol i https://static1.squarespace.comi/static/668ee027e0d3ec505670fb56/t/6765fa33a7dfa226108bee i g g g t t t a 99/173y4736450034/4th+Session+aEED+UAP+with+all+presenytations+including+pre+Space+Dis ya . . . ruptors+Dcay.pdf 55. APE|4 DAY 1: Jan 19, 2022 - YouTube, c c r r r y S https://wwwo.youtube.c S om/playlist?list=PyLaMEwu67wO8-ohq1jvCtboa9f9Okao S zcHC 56. APEC o y e m e m e m T c 9/30: UAP Propulsion, Phycsics & MaterialTs, c T r r r e e e e e e t t t c M M c M c h i l i l h i l h i i i t t t n a a n a n r r r o y y o y o T T T l l l o e e o e o c c c g h h g h g n n n y y y o o o . l l . l . o o o c c c g g g o y y o y o . . . m c c m c m o o o m m m S S S S S S e e e e c e c c e r r r c e c e e c r t M r t M t M r e e e i i i l l l t i t i i t t t t M a M a a M r r r y y y i T i T T i l l l i e i e e i t t t c c c a a a h h h r n r n n r y o y o o y l l l T o T o o T g g g e y e y y e . . . c c c c c c S o S o S o h h h e https://www.amltpropulsione.com/events/apec-9-30-2023/ 57. APEC: Amlternative Peropulsion m nc c n c n Engineering Conference, https://www.altpropulsion.com/ 58. APE|4 DAY 3: Jan 20, 2022 - r r r e e e o YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLaMEwuo67wO8_6n3P1BYX3NpLFBL1FA8tU o t t t M M M l l l o o o i i i l l l i i i gt t g t g a a a yr r y r y y y y .T T . T . ce e c e c oc c o c o S h S h S h mn n m n m e e e o o o c l o c l o c l o g g g r r r e y e y e y . . . c c c t S o tS o S t o M M M e m e m e m c c c i r ir r i l e le e l i i i t t M ttM t M t a a a i i i r l i lri l i r t t t y a ya a y r r r T y Ty y T T T T e e e e e e c c cc c c h h h h h h n n n n o on o n l l l o o o o o o g g g l y ly y l o . o. . o c c c S g o S go S o g e m e m e m y y y c c c r . r . r . e e e c c c t t t M o M o M o S S S i i i l m l m l m i i i e t e t te a a a c r c r rc y y y r T r T Tr e e e e ee c c c t t t h h h M M M n n n o o o i l i l li l o l o ol i i i g g g t t t a y a y ya . . . c c c r r r S o S o S o y y y e m e m e m T c c T c T r r r e e e e e e t t t c M M c M c h i l i l h i l h i i i t t t n a a n a n r r r o y y o y o T T T l l l o e e o e o c c c g h h g h g n n n y y y o o o . l l . l . o o o c c c g g g o y y o y o . . . m c c m c m o o o m m m