shiva-star-status
ORGANISATION dossier

Shiva Star Status

Shiva Star Status

ORGANISATION Organizations Also: Shiva Star, AFRL High Power Systems Facility, Shiva Star Kirtland

01 Executive_Summary

Shiva Star — AFRL Directed Energy Directorate, High Power Systems Facility, Kirtland AFB, Albuquerque, NM. 34,261 sq ft. 'The Air Force's largest pulsed-power system.' Stores nearly 10 million joules (5 pounds TNT). Produces 120,000 volts and 10 million amps in one microsecond — terawatt power flow. Evolution: 1 MJ (1975) -> 2 MJ (1979) -> 10 MJ (1982). Uses: 'pulse compression, plasma liner implosion for x-rays, solid liner implosions to compress matter, compact toroids for generating high-energy plasmas, simulation of explosive pulsed-power generators.' 'Most recently revived for work in fusion research' — FRCHX since 2007. STILL OPERATING as of 2024-2025. Current AFRL Directed Energy focus: GRAILE-II diagnostic system (January 2024) for 'DoD's most powerful high-energy laser systems.' Kirtland CHESTNUT Environmental Assessment (July 2025): 'AFRL/RD for testing and training with explosives, high energy lasers (HEL) and high-power electromagnetic (HPEM) systems, and drones.' 'Continue to integrate directed energy (DE) technology into warfighter vehicles.' HISTORY: 'Shiva program at the Air Force Weapons Laboratory developed radiation sources for assuring nuclear survivability for defense systems.' 'Initial efforts centered on the MARAUDER concept to produce a compact toroid for eventual compression.' Same facility hosted MARAUDER (compact toroid weapons) and FRCHX (FRC fusion). Pulsed power capabilities remain available for fusion experiments.

02 Definition

A pulsed-power facility at the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) on Kirtland AFB, Albuquerque, NM. Originally built in the 1970s for nuclear weapons effects simulation, Shiva Star stores up to 10 megajoules of energy and discharges it in microseconds. It was used for magnetized target fusion experiments, including the AFRL Shiva Star implosion experiments that compressed FRC plasmas to high densities.

Related terms: Air Force Research Laboratory Magnetized Target Fusion FRC Pulsed Power FRCHX

03 Deep_Dive_Intelligence

Overview

Shiva Star — AFRL Directed Energy Directorate, High Power Systems Facility, Kirtland AFB, Albuquerque, NM. 34,261 sq ft. 'The Air Force's largest pulsed-power system.' Stores nearly 10 million joules (5 pounds TNT). Produces 120,000 volts and 10 million amps in one microsecond — terawatt power flow. Evolution: 1 MJ (1975) -> 2 MJ (1979) -> 10 MJ (1982). Uses: 'pulse compression, plasma liner implosion for x-rays, solid liner implosions to compress matter, compact toroids for generating high-energy plasmas, simulation of explosive pulsed-power generators.' 'Most recently revived for work in fusion research' — FRCHX since 2007. STILL OPERATING as of 2024-2025. Current AFRL Directed Energy focus: GRAILE-II diagnostic system (January 2024) for 'DoD's most powerful high-energy laser systems.' Kirtland CHESTNUT Environmental Assessment (July 2025): 'AFRL/RD for testing and training with explosives, high energy lasers (HEL) and high-power electromagnetic (HPEM) systems, and drones.' 'Continue to integrate directed energy (DE) technology into warfighter vehicles.' HISTORY: 'Shiva program at the Air Force Weapons Laboratory developed radiation sources for assuring nuclear survivability for defense systems.' 'Initial efforts centered on the MARAUDER concept to produce a compact toroid for eventual compression.' Same facility hosted MARAUDER (compact toroid weapons) and FRCHX (FRC fusion). Pulsed power capabilities remain available for fusion experiments.

Entity Type: Organization — Shiva Star Status operates as an institutional actor in the defense/aerospace ecosystem.

Technical Definition

A pulsed-power facility at the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) on Kirtland AFB, Albuquerque, NM. Originally built in the 1970s for nuclear weapons effects simulation, Shiva Star stores up to 10 megajoules of energy and discharges it in microseconds. It was used for magnetized target fusion experiments, including the AFRL Shiva Star implosion experiments that compressed FRC plasmas to high densities.

Related Concepts: Air Force Research Laboratory, Magnetized Target Fusion, FRC, Pulsed Power, FRCHX

Network Relationships

Shiva Star Status connects to 5 entities in the intelligence network:

Concepts (1):

Experiments (1):

Persons (1):

Programs (2):

Research Findings

Shiva Star Status appears in 5 research analysis documents:

AFRL FRCHX Plasma Lifetime 2011:

Findings: AFRL FRCHX Plasma Lifetime 2011

Source PDF: [AFRL FRCHX Plasma Lifetime 2011](/archive/AFRL_FRCHX_Plasma_Lifetime_2011) Date range: 1976-2013 Source org: LANL

Summary

This 2011 report by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) and Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) investigates the trapped-flux lifetime...

AFRL LANL FRCHX 2016:

Findings: AFRL LANL FRCHX 2016

Source PDF: [AFRL LANL FRCHX 2016](/archive/AFRL_LANL_FRCHX_2016) Date range: 1981-2022 Source org: LANL

Summary

This programmatic analysis investigates the 2014-2016 closeout of the Field-Reversed Configuration Heating Experiment (FRCHX), a joint initiative by the Air Force ...

DoD FRC-CFR Orb Assessment 2023:

Findings: Dod Frc cfr Orb Assessment 2023

Source PDF: [DoD FRC-CFR Orb Assessment 2023](/archive/DoD_FRC_CFR_Orb_Assessment_2023) Date range: 1975-2025 Source org: LANL

Summary

This technical assessment examines the clandestine acquisition ecosystem and developmental history of the Field-Reversed Configuration (FRC) ...

LANL 3D Magnetic Reconnection FRC 2014:

Findings: LANL 3D Magnetic Reconnection FRC 2014

Source PDF: [LANL 3D Magnetic Reconnection FRC 2014](/archive/LANL_3D_Magnetic_Reconnection_FRC_2014) Date range: 1999-2025 Source org: LANL

Summary

This report assesses a 2014 Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) research project that bridged experimental plasma physics wit...

LANL 3D Turbulent Reconnection 2020:

Findings: LANL 3D Turbulent Reconnection 2020

Source PDF: [LANL 3D Turbulent Reconnection 2020](/archive/LANL_3D_Turbulent_Reconnection_2020) Date range: 1999-2020 Source org: LANL

Summary

This technical analysis from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) examines the theoretical framework of 3D turbulent magnetic reconn...

Source Documents

Intelligence derived from 5 source documents:

05 Related_Entities (5)

MARAUDER
program →
Shiva Star powered MARAUDER compact toroid experiments — still operating
FRCHX at Shiva Star
experiment →
Shiva Star hosted FRCHX FRC compression experiments — still operating 2024-2025
Avramenko (RU)
person ←
Avramenko's plasmoid weapon (Russia) and Shiva Star (US) are parallel programs. Both create compact toroidal plasma for weapons. Shiva Star hosted MARAUDER (1988-1993) then FRCHX (2007-2016). Russia had working tests by 1995.
MARAUDER (1993)
program ←
MARAUDER used Shiva Star capacitor bank (9.5 MJ) at Kirtland AFB. Shiva Star = 'Air Force's largest pulsed-power system.' MARAUDER achieved 100 billion g acceleration. Shiva Star lineage: SHIVA I → MARAUDER → FRCHX.
Global FRC Lineage
concept ←
Global lineage includes Shiva Star as key US pulsed power facility for FRC weapons/energy.

05b Related_Topics (4)

Field-Reversed Configuration
usa → russia → china → japan → israel →
Magnetized Target Fusion
usa → russia → china →
Compact Fusion Reactor
usa → china → israel →
Directed Energy
usa → russia → china → israel → uk → germany → france → japan →

06 Research_Findings (5)

Finding

# Findings: AFRL FRCHX Plasma Lifetime 2011 **Source PDF:** `AFRL_FRCHX_Plasma_Lifetime_2011.pdf` **Date range:** 1976-2013 **Source org:** LANL ## Summary This 2011 report by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) and Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) investigates the trapped-flux lifetime of plasma in the Field-Reversed Configuration Heating Experiment (FRCHX). Researchers found that current plasma lifetimes are significantly shorter than the duration required for successful compress

View Source PDF → AFRL FRCHX Plasma Lifetime 2011
Finding

# Findings: AFRL LANL FRCHX 2016 **Source PDF:** `AFRL_LANL_FRCHX_2016.pdf` **Date range:** 1981-2022 **Source org:** LANL ## Summary This programmatic analysis investigates the 2014-2016 closeout of the Field-Reversed Configuration Heating Experiment (FRCHX), a joint initiative by the Air Force Research Laboratory and Los Alamos National Laboratory. The report concludes with high confidence that the technology was not terminated but successfully transitioned to a classified program at Lockh

View Source PDF → AFRL LANL FRCHX 2016
Finding

# Findings: Dod Frc cfr Orb Assessment 2023 **Source PDF:** `DoD_FRC-CFR_Orb_Assessment_2023.pdf` **Date range:** 1975-2025 **Source org:** LANL ## Summary This technical assessment examines the clandestine acquisition ecosystem and developmental history of the Field-Reversed Configuration (FRC) and Compact Fusion Reactor (CFR) 'Orb' program within the U.S. defense infrastructure. Produced around 2023, the report details the transition of plasma physics research from national laboratories to

View Source PDF → DoD FRC-CFR Orb Assessment 2023
Finding

# Findings: LANL 3D Magnetic Reconnection FRC 2014 **Source PDF:** `LANL_3D_Magnetic_Reconnection_FRC_2014.pdf` **Date range:** 1999-2025 **Source org:** LANL ## Summary This report assesses a 2014 Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) research project that bridged experimental plasma physics with theoretical models of 3D turbulent magnetic reconnection. The analysis concludes that the project successfully demonstrated a proof-of-concept for rapid, controlled energy release in high-density p

View Source PDF → LANL 3D Magnetic Reconnection FRC 2014
Finding

# Findings: LANL 3D Turbulent Reconnection 2020 **Source PDF:** `LANL_3D_Turbulent_Reconnection_2020.pdf` **Date range:** 1999-2020 **Source org:** LANL ## Summary This technical analysis from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) examines the theoretical framework of 3D turbulent magnetic reconnection and its application to high-energy plasma events. The report, referencing key research from 2020, suggests that LANL’s computational capabilities and experimental plasma targets provide the ne

View Source PDF → LANL 3D Turbulent Reconnection 2020

07 Key_Findings

  • ▸ Entity Type: Organization — Shiva Star Status operates as an institutional actor in the defense/aerospace ecosystem.
  • ▸ Related Concepts: Air Force Research Laboratory, Magnetized Target Fusion, FRC, Pulsed Power, FRCHX
  • ▸ ← Global FRC Lineage: Global lineage includes Shiva Star as key US pulsed power facility for FRC weapons/energy.
  • ▸ → FRCHX at Shiva Star: Shiva Star hosted FRCHX FRC compression experiments — still operating 2024-2025
  • ▸ ← Avramenko (RU): Avramenko's plasmoid weapon (Russia) and Shiva Star (US) are parallel programs. Both create compact toroidal plasma for weapons. Shiva Star hosted MARAUDER (1988-1993) then FRCHX (2007-2016). Russia h

09 Timeline_Mentions (10)

1979

MAGO project begins at VNIIEF (Russian nuclear weapons lab)

Russian MTF program at weapons lab. Communist Party decree. Same dual-use pattern as US.

defense-programs
1983

Reagan launches SDI — Shiva Star re-directed to 'Star Wars'

SDI directed energy: x-ray laser, FEL, NPB, Brilliant Pebbles. Shiva Star → MARAUDER precursor.

defense-programs
1990

MARAUDER program begins — AFRL fires compact toroid plasmoids as weapons

Shiva Star facility. 100 billion g acceleration. Explicitly NOT fusion. Same facility as FRCHX. The critical link.

defense-programs
1993

MARAUDER (August 1993): USAF compact toroid weapon, 100 billion g acceleration, Shiva Star, went dark mid-1990s

USAF Phillips Lab compact toroid weapon. 100 billion g acceleration. 9.5 MJ Shiva Star. 'Not a fusion program' — weapons. Physics identical to FRC. Went dark mid-1990s. Lineage: SHIVA I → MARAUDER → F

uap-research
1995

Avramenko plasmoid weapon (April 1995): Russian plasma ABM tested, Ogonek/Belitsky DTIC document, 'Doverie' experiment proposed

Russian plasma weapon tested. Phased arrays focus 10 MW at 50 km altitude. Projectile deflected and self-destructed in tests. Yeltsin proposed joint US-Russia 'Doverie' experiment ($300M). Boris Belit

uap-research
2000

Atlas Pulsed Power Facility Commissioned

Atlas commissioned at LANL. Received Shiva Star technology (capacitors, rail-gap switches). Supports SSP. Turchi liner experiments. Later relocated to Nevada Test Site.

Classified Programs
2007

FRCHX Program at Shiva Star

The Field-Reversed Configuration Heating Experiment (FRCHX) at AFRL Shiva Star attempts to compress FRCs using magnetically imploded solid liners.

defense-programs
2007

FRCHX Operations Begin

The Field-Reversed Configuration Heating Experiment (FRCHX) begins at AFRL Shiva Star to demonstrate FRC compression by solid liners.

defense-programs
2007

FRCHX Design and Assembly Begins at AFRL

The Field-Reversed Configuration Heating Experiment (FRCHX) begins at Shiva Star, leveraging AFRL's pulsed-power expertise.

defense-programs
2007

FRCHX Design and Assembly

The Field-Reversed Configuration Heating Experiment (FRCHX) begins assembly at AFRL's Shiva Star facility.

fusion-physics
View Full Timeline → View on Network Graph →

10 FAQ

What is Shiva Star Status? ▾
Shiva Star — AFRL Directed Energy Directorate, High Power Systems Facility, Kirtland AFB, Albuquerque, NM. 34,261 sq ft. 'The Air Force's largest pulsed-power system.' Stores nearly 10 million joules (5 pounds TNT). Produces 120,000 volts and 10 million amps in one microsecond — terawatt power flow. Evolution: 1 MJ (1975) -> 2 MJ (1979) -> 10 MJ (1982). Uses: 'pulse compression, plasma liner...
What role does Shiva Star Status play in the research network? ▾
Shiva Star Status is classified under the "Organizations" category. Shiva Star — AFRL Directed Energy Directorate, High Power Systems Facility, Kirtland AFB, Albuquerque, NM. 34,261 sq ft. 'The Air Force's largest pulsed-power system.' Stores nearly 10 million...
What evidence supports the Shiva Star Status assessment? ▾
The intelligence assessment for Shiva Star Status is supported by 4 primary sources, 1 PDF document, and 5 research findings. Key sources include "Shiva Star - Wikipedia", "Magneto-inertial fusion FRCHX Experiments at AFRL - OSTI", and "Ions at 1 MA for Studies of Converging Shocks - OSTI (Shiva Star liner implosion experiments)". These documents provide the evidentiary basis for the analysis.
How does Shiva Star Status connect to other entities in the network? ▾
Shiva Star Status is connected to 5 entities in the intelligence network, including MARAUDER (program), FRCHX at Shiva Star (experiment), and Avramenko (RU) (person). Key relationships: MARAUDER: Shiva Star powered MARAUDER compact toroid experiments — still operating, FRCHX at Shiva Star: Shiva Star hosted FRCHX FRC compression experiments — still operating 2024-2025, ; Avramenko (RU): Avramenko's plasmoid weapon (Russia) and Shiva Star (US) are parallel programs. Both create compact toroidal plasma for weapons. Shiva Star hosted MARAUDER (1988-1993) then FRCHX (2007-2016). Russia had working tests by 1995..
What is Shiva Star Status's mission and strategic role? ▾
Shiva Star — AFRL Directed Energy Directorate, High Power Systems Facility, Kirtland AFB, Albuquerque, NM. 34,261 sq ft. 'The Air Force's largest pulsed-power system.' Stores nearly 10 million joules (5 pounds TNT). Produces 120,000 volts and 10 million amps in one microsecond — terawatt power flow. Evolution: 1 MJ (1975) -> 2 MJ (1979) -> 10...
What programs or projects does Shiva Star Status oversee? ▾
Shiva Star Status is connected to 3 programs/projects: MARAUDER (Shiva Star powered MARAUDER compact toroid experiments — still operating), FRCHX at Shiva Star (Shiva Star hosted FRCHX FRC compression experiments — still operating 2024-2025), and MARAUDER (1993) (MARAUDER used Shiva Star capacitor bank (9.5 MJ) at Kirtland AFB. Shiva Star = 'Air Force's largest pulsed-power system.' MARAUDER achieved 100 billion g acceleration. Shiva Star lineage: SHIVA I → MARAUDER → FRCHX.).
Who are the key personnel associated with Shiva Star Status? ▾
Shiva Star Status is linked to 1 key individual: Avramenko (RU) (Avramenko's plasmoid weapon (Russia) and Shiva Star (US) are parallel programs. Both create compact toroidal plasma for weapons. Shiva Star hosted MARAUDER (1988-1993) then FRCHX (2007-2016). Russia had working tests by 1995.).
What is the technical definition of Shiva Star Status? ▾
A pulsed-power facility at the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) on Kirtland AFB, Albuquerque, NM. Originally built in the 1970s for nuclear weapons effects simulation, Shiva Star stores up to 10 megajoules of energy and discharges it in microseconds. It was used for magnetized target fusion experiments, including the AFRL Shiva Star implosion experiments that compressed FRC plasmas to high densities. Related concepts: Air Force Research Laboratory, Magnetized Target Fusion, and FRC. Category: Organizations.
What research findings mention Shiva Star Status? ▾
Shiva Star Status appears in 5 research analysis documents, including "AFRL FRCHX Plasma Lifetime 2011", "AFRL LANL FRCHX 2016", and "DoD FRC-CFR Orb Assessment 2023". Findings: AFRL FRCHX Plasma Lifetime 2011 Source PDF: AFRL_FRCHX_Plasma_Lifetime_2011.pdf Date range: 1976-2013 Source org: LANL Summary This 2011 report by the Air Force Research Laboratory...
What primary source PDFs are available for Shiva Star Status? ▾
1 PDF document is available: "FRCHX Magnetized Target Fusion HEDLP Experiments". This conference paper describes preparations and physics modeling for the Field Reversed Compression and Heating Experiment (FRCHX) to demonstrate Magnetized Target Fusion (MTF) and High Energy...
What are the alternative names or aliases for Shiva Star Status? ▾
Shiva Star Status is also known as: Shiva Star, AFRL High Power Systems Facility, and Shiva Star Kirtland. These alternative names appear across different source documents and may reflect codenames, abbreviations, or historical references.
What external sources document Shiva Star Status? ▾
Shiva Star Status is documented by 4 external sources, including 1 encyclopedia, 2 government document, and 1 conference paper. Notable references include "Shiva Star - Wikipedia", "Magneto-inertial fusion FRCHX Experiments at AFRL - OSTI", and "Ions at 1 MA for Studies of Converging Shocks - OSTI (Shiva Star liner implosion experiments)".
Why is Shiva Star Status considered classified or significant? ▾
Shiva Star — AFRL Directed Energy Directorate, High Power Systems Facility, Kirtland AFB, Albuquerque, NM. 34,261 sq ft. 'The Air Force's largest pulsed-power system.' Stores nearly 10 million joules (5 pounds TNT). Produces 120,000 volts and 10 million amps in one microsecond — terawatt power flow. Evolution: 1 MJ (1975) -> 2 MJ (1979) -> 10 MJ (1982). Uses: 'pulse compression, plasma liner implosion for x-rays, solid liner implosions to compress matter, compact toroids for generating high-energy plasmas, simulation of explosive pulsed-power generators.' 'Most recently revived for work in fusion research' — FRCHX since 2007. STILL OPERATING as of 2024-2025. Current AFRL Directed Energy focus: GRAILE-II diagnostic system (January 2024) for 'DoD's most powerful high-energy laser systems.' Kirtland CHESTNUT Environmental Assessment (July 2025): 'AFRL/RD for testing and training with explosives, high energy lasers (HEL) and high-power electromagnetic (HPEM) systems, and drones.' 'Continue to integrate directed energy (DE) technology into warfighter vehicles.' HISTORY: 'Shiva program at the Air Force Weapons Laboratory developed radiation sources for assuring nuclear survivability for defense systems.' 'Initial efforts centered on the MARAUDER concept to produce a compact toroid for eventual compression.' Same facility hosted MARAUDER (compact toroid weapons) and FRCHX (FRC fusion). Pulsed power capabilities remain available for fusion experiments.
What is the historical timeline for Shiva Star Status? ▾
Shiva Star Status is referenced across documents spanning 1975–2025, with activity noted in 1975, 1976, and 1979. This temporal range is derived from the primary source documents in the research archive.

Source_Documents 6 FILES

FRCHX Magnetized Target Fusion HEDLP Experiments
This conference paper describes preparations and physics modeling for the Field Reversed Compression and Heating Experiment (FRCHX) to demonstrate Magnetized Target Fusion (MTF) and High Energy Density Laboratory Plasma (HEDLP). A high-pressure field-reversed configuration (FRC) plasma is formed using conical theta coils, translated, captured inside an imploding solid aluminum liner driven by the Shiva Star capacitor bank, and compressed to kilovolt temperatures. Detailed 1D adiabatic modeling, 2D MHD simulations (MOQUI and MACH2), and hardware developments from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) and the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) are presented.
PDF Archive →
Kirtland AFB — Shiva Star photo caption
PDF Archive →
Wikipedia — Shiva Star
PDF Archive →
ResearchGate — 'Shiva Star: Pioneering megagauss science and technology'
PDF Archive →
AFRL — GRAILE-II diagnostic system (February 2024)
PDF Archive →
Kirtland AFB — CHESTNUT Draft Environmental Assessment (July 2025)
PDF Archive →

External_References 5 REFS

Kirtland AFB — Shiva Star photo caption ref
Wikipedia — Shiva Star url ↗
ResearchGate — 'Shiva Star: Pioneering megagauss science and technology' ref
AFRL — GRAILE-II diagnostic system (February 2024) ref
Kirtland AFB — CHESTNUT Draft Environmental Assessment (July 2025) ref

Glossary_Sources

→ 00405985.pdf → 00405985.pdf → 1123798.pdf → 1406229 (1).pdf → 1406229.pdf

Citations 1

  1. [1] (2008) — International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

External_Primary_Sources 3

reference
MARAUDER — Wikipedia
government 1993
Compact toroid formation, compression, and acceleration (MARAUDER) — OSTI.GOV
Ferdinand et al.
paper
Shiva Star - Marauder Compact Torus System — ResearchGate

Verified_Primary_Sources 4 SOURCES

secondary en.wikipedia.org encyclopedia
Shiva Star - Wikipedia
Verifies: Shiva Star is high-powered pulsed-power research device at AFRL Kirtland AFB Albuquerque NM; Originally built 1970s for x-ray research, later redirected to SDI, now used for magnetized target fusion; FRCHX experiment using Shiva Star with aluminum foil liner for magnetized target fusion since 2007
External Link ↗
primary osti.gov government_document
Magneto-inertial fusion FRCHX Experiments at AFRL - OSTI
Verifies: FRCHX (Field Reversed Compression and Heating Experiment) operational at AFRL since 2008; FRC formation, translation, capture, and liner compression experiments at Shiva Star; LANL/AFRL collaboration on magneto-inertial fusion with FRC plasmas
External Link ↗
primary osti.gov government_document
Ions at 1 MA for Studies of Converging Shocks - OSTI (Shiva Star liner implosion experiments)
Verifies: Shiva Star capacitor bank drives solid liner implosions at peak currents of 16 MA; Aluminum liners imploded under axial current with fields exceeding 0.6 MG; AFRL/DEH Kirtland AFB experiments for high energy density plasma research
External Link ↗
primary iaea.org conference_paper
FRCHX Magnetized Target Fusion HEDLP Experiments - IAEA Fusion Energy Conference 2008
Verifies: FRCHX at AFRL Shiva Star facility forms FRC plasmas at 3 Tesla with high-beta; FRC translation and capture into aluminum liner for compression to kilovolt temperatures; First 1.5 MJ implosion tests expected in early 2009
External Link ↗
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ID: shiva-star-status
Type: organisation
Region: main
Last updated: Research database snapshot