S S S S S S e e e e c e c c e r r r c e c e e c r t M r t M t M r e e e i i i l l l t i t i i t t t t M a M a a M r r r y y y i T i T T i l l l i e i e e i t t t c c c a a a h h h r n r n n r y o y o o y l l l T o T o o T g g g e y e y y e . . . c c c c c c S o S o S o h h h e m e m e m nc c n c n r Asset and Prersonnel Trace: FRCHXr e e e o o o t t t M M M l Program Closeout l l o o o i i i l l l i i i gt t g t g a a a yr y 1. Analysis of Programm r yatic & Financiayl Records r y y .T T . T . ce e c e c oc This analysis assesses the official administrativec and financial disposition of othe Field-Reversed c o S h S h S h Configuration Heating Experiment (FRCHX). The investigation focuses on identifying formal mn n m n m e ocloseout deocumentation and any evidence of a direct, ogovernment-funded successor program. e o c Thl oe absencec of such evidence is a key analytical findingl,o suggesting a deliberate and sensitive c l o r dispogsition ratherr than a simple termination. g r g e y e y e y . . . c c c t S 1.1. Con o tractualt SCloseout Search o S t o M M M e m e m e m c c c A comprehensive search of public federal award databases, including USAspending.gov, and i r ir r i l e le e l i the Department of Energy's (DiOE) Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI) i t t M repository was conducted for th tt eM period 2013-2015. The search targeted final technica t lM t a a a i summaries, contract closeout reporits, or other dispositive documentation associated with tihe r l i lri l i r y t a primary funding vehicle for the Air Fortcyae Research Laboratory's (AFRL) collaboration with Lotsa y T r y Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), InterrTa y gency Agreement DE-A102-04ER54764. r y T T This search yields a negative finding. No pTublic-facing final technical report or formal closeout T e e e e document for the FRCHX program is availablee in these official repositories. This absence is e c c cc c c hanalytically significant. Standard federal procedureh, particularly for DOE financial assistance h h h h nawards, mandates that recipients submit a final technnical report to OSTI upon project n n o completion. This requirement ensures the public disse o mnination of federally funded research, o n l l l o o o o detailing the project's objectives, activities, results, and coonclusions. o g g g l The FRyCHX program was a multi-year, multi-institutional collalyboration between a premier y l o . o. . o national lacboratory and a major DoD research center, representicng a significant investment of c S g federal resoources and S expertise. In its final publicly documented pgohase, the p S rogram achieved a o g e m e m e m y notable technical breakthrough, successfully extending the FRC plasyma lifetime to near the y c c c r . required duration for a full cormpression experiment. The lack of the exp.ected final rreport for a . e e e c c c t program of this scale and succetss is not an intelligence gap but a positive indicator. It tstrongly M o M o M o S suggeSsts that the program's final results and conclusions were deemed too sensitive for pubSlic i i i l i mrelease, likely due to their direct relelviance and successful transition to a follow-mon classifieldi m e t e t te a a a application. The program was not terminated due to lack of progress; its success appears to c r c r rc y have necessitated its removal from public yview. y r T r T Tr e e e e ee c 1.2. Successor Program Search c c t t t h h h M M M n n n o1.2.1. Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) o o i l i l li l o l o ol i i i t An agnalysis of LANL's Laboratotry Directed Research and Dgevelopment (LDRD) annual reports g t a y a y ya for Fiscal Years 2014 and 2015 was conducted to identify new projects within the P-24 Plasma . . . c c c r S Physics gro o up or relatSed divisions thart could represent a successo o r to FRCHSX. While the o r y y y e FY2014 repormt was not aevailable for detailed project review, the FY2m015 report ereveals a m T c c T c T r r r e e e e e e t t t c M M c M c h i l i l h i l h i i i t t t n a a n a n r r r o y y o y o T T T l l l o e e o e o c c c g h h g h g n n n y y y o o o . l l . l . o o o c c c g g g o y y o y o . . . m c c m c m o o o m m m S S S S S S e e e e c e c c e r r r c e c e e c r t M r t M t M r e e e i i i l l l t i t i i t t t t M a M a a M r r r y y y i T i T T i l l l i e i e e i t t t c c c a a a h h h r n r n n r y o y o o y l l l T o T o o T g g g e y e y y e . . . c c c c c c S o S o S o h h h e portfolio of nemw plasma pehysics projects. However, these initiatives amre predomeinantly m nc c n c n fundamental, postdoctoral-led research efforts (e.g., "3D Turbulent Magnetic Reconnection r r r e e e o Experiments," "Magnetic Rayleigh-Taylor Instability") ratheor than a large-scale, integrated o t t t M M M l experimental program that would constitute a direct successolr. l o o o i l Concurrent analysis of the LANL P-i2l4 group's activities post-2014 reveals a significant strialtegic i i i gt t g t g a shift. The group, led by key FRCHX sciaentist Dr. Glen Wurden, has transitioned to a role as a a yr "capability-as-a-service" provider for the prrivate sector. Through the DyOE's Innovation Network r y y y y .T for Fusion Energy (INFUSE) program, the PT-24 group now leverages its. unique, world-class T . ce e c e c diagnostic and simulation capabilities to support emerging private fusion companies. This oc c o c o S hrepresSents a deliberate institutional pivot away fromh leading integrated, system-level S h mnexperiments like FRX-L and FRCHX. This strategic cnhange creates a capability m and mission n m e e e o o o vacuum within the national laboratory system. By stepping back from the role of primary c l o c l o c l o developer for an integrated Magnetized Target Fusion (MTF) concept, LANL effectively cleared g g g r r r e the patyh for a non- e governmental entity to assume that missiony, armed with the foundational e y . . . knowledgce and experimental data that the laboratory had spent cover a decade developing. c t S o tS o S t o M M M e m e m e m c 1.2.2. Air Force Researcch Laboratory (AFRL) Kirtland c i r ir r i l e le e l i i i t t M A review of public-facing documtte M ntation from AFRL's Directed Energy Directorate for tth M e t a a a 2014-2016 period, including strategic plans and fact sheets, was performed to identify any new i i i r l i programs under headings such as "C lriompact Pulsed Power" or "High Energy Density Phys l icis r t t t y a ya a y Applications". The Directorate's official core competencies include "Pulsed Power" and r r r T y "Plasma," making it the logical home for a T yFRCHX follow-on. y T T T T e However, the directorate's publicly stated "gaeme-changing" technology priorities during this e e e e c c timeframe were focused on more mature directeccd energy applications with nearer-term c c h h h h operational payoffs, such as autonomous systems, hhypersonics, high-power lasers, and h n n n n omicrowaves for counter-UAS and counter-electronics mon issions. There is no public record of a o n nel ow, vaguely titled program that aligns with the objectivelso of a FRCHX successor. This l o o o o proggrammatic silence, when viewed in context, points towagrd a strategic mission hand-off. The g l y ly y l o governm . ent-funded research phase (classified as 6.1/6.2 R&Do) . in FRCHX had successfully . o c c c S g de-risked th o e core plaSsma physics of FRC-based MTF, demonstra go ting near-tSarget performance o g e by 2013. Thism timeline coerrelates directly with the October 2014 pubmlic announceement by m y y y c c c Lockheed Martin's Skunk Works®—a prime defense contractor with a long history of r . r . r . e c transitioning advanced R&D ineto classified operational systems—of its owcn Compacet Fusion c t t t M oReactor (CFR) program based oMn similar physical principles. The subsequenot rebalancMing of o S S S i AFRL's public S&T portfolio toward iother priorities is consistent with the successful concluision l m l m l m i i i e t of the goveernment research phase andt the transition of the technology to a clandestine te a a a c r industrial partcner for applied developmenrt. The lack of a successor program at AFRL is not an rc y y y r T indicator of failurre but rather a signature of aT successful technology transition. Tr e e e e ee c c c t 2. Analysis otf Personnel Reassignment and Hardware t h h h M M M n n n oDisposition o o i l i l li l o l o ol i i i g g g t This section traces the two mostt critical components of the program—its key human capital and t a y a y ya its uniqu.e physical assets—to determine whether they were ma.intained as a coherent effort or . c c c r r r S were disperosed followSing the conclusion of publicly documented aoctivities. S o y y y e m e m e m T c c T c T r r r e e e e e e t t t c M M c M c h i l i l h i l h i i i t t t n a a n a n r r r o y y o y o T T T l l l o e e o e o c c c g h h g h g n n n y y y o o o . l l . l . o o o c c c g g g o y y o y o . . . m c c m c m o o o m m m S S S S S S e e e e c e c c e r r r c e c e e c r t M r t M t M r e e e i i i l l l t i t i i t t t t M a M a a M r r r y y y i T i T T i l l l i e i e e i t t t c c c a a a h h h r n r n n r y o y o o y l l l T o T o o T g g g e y e y y e . . . c c c c c c S o S o S o h h h e 2.1. Persomnnel Traece m e m nc c n c n r r r e e e o The professional trajectories of the key scientific leads froom both LANL and AFRL were mapped o t t t M M M l for the period immediately following 2013-2014. l l o o o i i i l ● Dr. Glen A. Wurden (LANL): lPost-2014, Dr. Wurden's publication record shows a cllear i i i gt t g t g a shift away from direct, hands-on aFRC compression experiments. He is the lead author oaf yr r y r y y a 2016 Journal of Fusion Energy "coymmunity white paper" on Magneto-Inertial Fusion, a y .T comprehensive review article co-authoTred by a wide array of figur.es from the MIF T . ce e c e c community, including his FRCHX collaborator Dr. John Degnan. His subsequent research oc c o c o S h Shas focused on other unclassified fusion conhcepts, including work on the WendelsteinS 7-X h mn n m n m e stellearator and conceptual papers on "fusion rocket engines for planetary defense". This e o o o c l o indicate c s a transition from leading a specific, high-lT o RL experiment to a broader, more c l o gacademic and conceptual role within LANL's unclassgified fusion program. He was not g r r r e ryeassigned eto a classified successor. y e y . . . ● Dr. cJohn H. Degnan (AFRL): Dr. Degnan's online professcional profile lists his status as a c t S o tS o S t o M "Semi-Retired TeMchnical Consultant". His name appears on several FRCHX-related M e m e m e m c conference papers acnd articles published as late as 2016, including the afocrementioned i r ir r i l e MIF review paper. Thisl eactivity is characteristic of a principal investigator overeseeing the l i i i t t M final data analysis and puttbMlication phase of a concluded project before transitiontiMng to t a a a retirement or a consultative role. i i i r l i t ● Dr. Edward L. Ruden (AFRL) lr :i tDr. Ruden's publication record also shows continued l i t r y a ya a y authorship on FRCHX-related conference proceedings into 2016, summarizing the r r r T y Ty y T experiment's results. He was likely involved in the program's data analysis and wrap-up T T T e e phase before being reassigned to otheer eprojects within the AFRL Directed Energy e e c c Directorate's broad portfolio of high-energycc-density physics and pulsed power activities. c c h h h h nPersonnel Name Primary Affiliation Kehyn Post-2014 Assessment of n h n o (Pre-2014) Activionties/Projects Trajectory o n l l l o Gloen A. Wurden Los Alamos National Co-authoo ored 2016 MIF Dispersed to other o o g g g Laboratory (P-24) community review unclassified, l y ly y l o . paper. Shiftedo .research high-profile LANL . o c c c S g o S to stellarators (Wgo7-X) fusioSn and plasma o g e m e m e m y and conceptual fusioyn physics programs. y c c c r . r propulsion. Leads . r . e e e c P-24's INFUSE support c c t t t S M o S M to private industry. o M S o i i i l mJohn H. Degnan Air Force Relsearch Co-authored 2016 MIF Conclumded FRCHXl m i i i e t e t te a Laboratory (AFaRL/RD) review paper and other data analysis and a c r c r rc y y FRCHX summary transitioned to y r T r T Tr publications. Current retirement/consulting. e e e e ee status listed as c c c t t t M h M sehmi-retired consultant. h M n n n Edward L. Ruden Air Force Research Co-authored FRCHX Concluded FRCHX o o o i l Labioratory (AFRL/RD) summarly publications data analysis and was li l o l o ol i g i through 20g16. likely reassigned to g i t t t a y a y other HEDP/pulsed ya . . . r c r c power projects within c r S o S o S o y y y e m e mthe AFeRL Directed m T c c T c T r r r e e e e e e t t t c M M c M c h i l i l h i l h i i i t t t n a a n a n r r r o y y o y o T T T l l l o e e o e o c c c g h h g h g n n n y y y o o o . l l . l . o o o c c c g g g o y y o y o . . . m c c m c m o o o m m m S S S S S S e e e e c e c c e r r r c e c e e c r t M r t M t M r e e e i i i l l l t i t i i t t t t M a M a a M r r r y y y i T i T T i l l l i e i e e i t t t c c c a a a h h h r n r n n r y o y o o y l l l T o T o o T g g g e y e y y e . . . c c c c c c S o S o S o h h h e Personnel Nmame ePrimary Affiliation Key Post-2014 mAssesesment of m nc c n c n r (Prer-2014) Activities/Projects Trajectoryr e e e o o Energy Directorate. o t t t M M M l A cohesive, expert team is one of the most valuable assets olf a complex science and l o o o i i i l technology program. The Wurden-Delgnan-Ruden team represented the core of the U.S. l i i i gt t g t g a government's expertise in FRC-based MaTF. If the FRCHX mission were to continue under a naew yr r y r y y classified name at AFRL or LANL, the mosyt logical and efficient course of action would have y .T T . T . been to keep this team intact and reassign them collectively. The evidence shows the opposite ce e c e c occurred: the team's key members were dispersed. This dispersal is a strong negative indicator oc c o c o S hfor the S hypothesis that the program continued interhnally and strongly supports the hypothes S is h mn n m n m e that the meission itself was transferred to an external organization that would build its own team,e o o o c sele o ded with s c elect personnel from foundational programls o , such as Gabriel Ivan Font from c l o LANLg. g g r r r e y e y e y . . . 2.2. Harcdware Disposition c c t S o tS o S t o M M M e m e m e m c ● FRCHX Experimentcal Hardware (FRC Source, Diagnostics): There is clcear institutional i r ir r i l e precedent at LANL for lreetaining and repurposing high-value, specialized plasmea physics l i i i t t M hardware. The Magnetize ttdM Shock Experiment (MSX) was explicitly constructed t uMsing t a a a "much of the equipment from the discontinued Field-Reversed Experiment with Liner i i i r l i t (FRX-L) program". The FRC fo lrirtmation and diagnostic components of FRCHX, which l iwtere r y a ya a y r based on the FRX-L design, were lrikely returned to the LANL and AFRL inventories for r T y Ty y T potential use in future HEDP experiments. Federal regulations permit equipment acquired T T T e e e e under a federal award to be re-tasked foer other federally supported activities. e c c ● Shiva Star Pulsed-Power Facility: The Scchiva Star facility at AFRL Kirtland, which c c h h h h n provided the liner implosion capability for FRCh nHX, remained operational after 2014. It was n h n o documented as hosting public tours in April 2014on, and a 2016 conference paper described o n l l l oit as possessing "significant shot life remaining". It ios important to distinguish this facility o o o o g g g from the "Shiva Laser" at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, which was l y ly y l o de.commissioned in 1981. The retention of Shiva Star, a on.ational-class, multi-megajoule . o c c c S g pulseod power faScility, indicates that AFRL's strategic interesgot was not liSmited to the o g e FRC-bamsed MTF c e oncept alone but extended to the broader fimeld of high- e energy-density m y y y c c c r . physics that such a facrility enables. The end of FRCHX was the e . nd of one erxperiment, . e e e c not the end of AFRL's mission in this domain. c c t t t M o M o M o S S S i l m3. Final Assessmenti l m i l m i i i e t e t te a a a c r c r rc y This assessment synthesizes all lines of inyquiry to provide a definitive, confidence-scored y r T r T Tr judgment on the most likely disposition of the FRCHX program. e e e e ee c ● Hypothesis 1: Complete Termination. Thcis hypothesis is assessed as unlikely. The c t t t h h h M program was on Mthe cusp of achieving its primary goals, having just reported a major M n n n o technical breakthrough in FRC lifetime. Terminatoing a successful program at its peak is o i l l oprogrammatically illogiic l al unless its mission is beinl og superseded or transferred. The l o i l i i i t gretention of the primary hatrdware asset (Shiva Star) fgurther argues against complete g t a y a y ya termination of the underlying capability. . . . c c c r S ● Hypo o thesis 2: CSontinuation Urnder a Different, Non-Publ o ic ProgramS Name at AFRL o r y y y e or LANmL. This hypeothesis is possible but lacks direct supportimng evidencee. The definitive m T c c T c T r r r e e e e e e t t t c M M c M c h i l i l h i l h i i i t t t n a a n a n r r r o y y o y o T T T l l l o e e o e o c c c g h h g h g n n n y y y o o o . l l . l . o o o c c c g g g o y y o y o . . . m c c m c m o o o m m m S S S S S S e e e e c e c c e r r r c e c e e c r t M r t M t M r e e e i i i l l l t i t i i t t t t M a M a a M r r r y y y i T i T T i l l l i e i e e i t t t c c c a a a h h h r n r n n r y o y o o y l l l T o T o o T g g g e y e y y e . . . c c c c c c S o S o S o h h h e dispersmal of the coere expert team is the strongest counter-indimcator. A simeple re-badging m nc c n c n of the program would almost certainly have retained the key personnel to ensure r r r e e e o continuity of expertise. Furthermore, the observed porogrammatic pivot at LANL P-24 away o t t t M M M l from integrated experiments argues against internal colntinuation. l o o o i l ● Hypothesis 3: Successful Tirlansition to a Classified "Black" Program at Skunki l i i i gt t g t g a Works®. This hypothesis aligns awith and explains all available evidence. a yr 1. Motive and Opportunity: Thre FRCHX program successyfully "de-risked" the core r y y y y .T plasma physics of high-density TFRCs to a technology readin.ess level sufficient for T . ce e c e c transition from government-led basic research to industry-led applied development. oc c o c o S h S2. Temporal Correlation: The cessationh of public FRCHX activity (2013-2014) is S h mn immediately followed by the public annonuncement of the Skunk Wo m rks® Compact n m e e e o o o Fusion Reactor (CFR) in October 2014. c l o c l o c l o 3. Technological Correlation: The Skunk Works® CFR is based on a high-beta, g g g r r r e ymagn e etically confined FRC-like concept, the direyct area of expertise of the e y . . . cLANL-AFRL collaboration. c c t S o tS o S t o M 4. PersonnelM Correlation: There is a confirmed "human pipeline" of key FRC M e m e m e m c expertise fromc LANL's foundational programs directly into the Skunk cWorks® CFR i l r e program, specif i ircleally Gabriel Ivan Font, who is a co-inventor on the corree CFR i l i i i t t M patents. ttM t M t a a a This convergence of evidence strongly suggests that the FRCHX program served as the final i i i r l i government-funded proof-of-concep l tr,i successfully maturing the technology to a point wher l ei its r t t t y a ya a y mission could be transferred to a clandestine program within a trusted prime defense contractor r r r T y for development into a system for nationa T ly security applications. y T T T T e Confidence-Scored Judgments: e e e e e c c ● Complete Termination: LOW CONFIDENccCE. Contradicted by the program's technical c c h h h h success at the time of its disappearance fromh public records. h n n n n o● Continuation at AFRL/LANL: LOW CONFIDENon CE. Contradicted by the dispersal of the o n l ocore research team and the absence of any succelsosor programs in institutional R&D l o o o o gplans. g g l y ly y l o ● Tra.nsition to Skunk Works®: HIGH CONFIDENCE. Suo.pported by the strong . o c c c S g conve o rgence of Stemporal, technological, and personnel evid go ence, reprSesenting a logical o g e and commmon patheway for maturing high-risk, dual-use technomlogies withien the U.S. m y y y c c c defense ecosystem. r . r . r . e e e c c c t t t M oWorks cited M o M o S S S i i i l m l m l m i i i e t 1. Downloeads - USAspending, t te a a a c r https://files.uscaspending.gov/docs/Data_Drictionary_Crosswalk.xlsx 2. USAspending: rc y y y r T Government Spernding Open Data, https://wTww.usaspending.gov/ 3. Appendix 5: Final Technical Tr e e Report to OSTI Useer Guide November 2022, e ee c c c t https://www.energy.gotv/sites/default/files/2022-12/appendix-5-final-technical-report-to-osti-user- t h h h M M M nguide-nov-2022.pdf 4. OSTI.GOV | U.S. Departmentn of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical n o o o Information, https://www.osti.gov/ 5. Submitting Final Scientific/Technical Reports - OSTI, i l i l li l o l o ol i https://www.osti.gov/stip/submiit/financial-awardee-submissions/submitting-technical-reports 6. i g g g t t t a Appenydix 5: Final Technical Repo a rt to OSTI User Guide, y ya https://w.wcw.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2020/06/f76/appendix-5.-OcSTI-user-guide.pdf 7. Los . c r r r y S Alamos Natoional Labo S ratory Laboratoryy Directed Research and Deovelopmen S t Program - FY24 o y e m e m e m T c Annual Progress Report, h c ttps://cdn.lanl.gTov/files/fy24-ldrd-annual-report-overvie c w_eec6d.pdf 8. T r r r e e e e e e t t t c M M c M c h i l i l h i l h i i i t t t n a a n a n r r r o y y o y o T T T l l l o e e o e o c c c g h h g h g n n n y y y o o o . l l . l . o o o c c c g g g o y y o y o . . . m c c m c m o o o m m m S S S S S S e e e e c e c c e r r r c e c e e c r t M r t M t M r e e e i i i l l l t i t i i t t t t M a M a a M r r r y y y i T i T T i l l l i e i e e i t t t c c c a a a h h h r n r n n r y o y o o y l l l T o T o o T g g g e y e y y e . . . c c c c c c S o S o S o h h h e Annual Repormts | Los Alaemos National Laboratory, m e m nc c n c n https://www.lanl.gov/engage/organizations/nnsa-directed-r-and-d/annual-reports 9. Untitled - r r r e e e o Department of Energy, o o t t t M M M l https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2015/01/f19/2014LDRlDReportToCongress.pdf 10. l o o o i l Laboratory Directed Research and Di levelopment, i l i i i gt t g t g a https://cdn.lanl.gov/files/fy15-lanl-annuaal-report_66bfa.pdf 11. Directed Energy Directorate - a yr Kirtland AFB, r y r y y y y .T https://www.kirtland.af.mil/Portals/52/documeTnts/RDOverview.pdf?ver=2.017-01-18-121610-573 T . ce e c e c 12. Directed Energy - Air Force Research Laboratory, https://www.afrl.af.mil/RD/ 13. Department oc c o c o S hof DefSense Directed Energy Weapons: Backgrounhd and Issues for Congress, S h mnhttps://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R46925 14. Dnirected Energy Directorate m Overview - n m e e e o o o Kirtland AFB, c l o c l o c l o https://www.kirtland.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/825975/directed-energy-director g g g r r r e ate-oveyrview/ 15. e AFRL's directed energy receives AF Organyizational Excellence award > Air e y . . . Force > Acrticle Display - AF.mil, c c t S o tS o S t o M https://www.af.mil/NewMs/Article-Display/Article/494782/afrls-directed-energy-receives-af-organiz M e m e m e m c ational-excellence-award/ c16. NOT FOR PUBLICATION UNTIL RELEASED BY HcOUSE i l r e ARMED SERVICES COMM i IrTleTEE SUBCOMMITTEE ON EMERGING THREATS ArNeD i l i i i t t M CAPABILITIES U.S. HOUS - Dettf M ense Innovation Marketplace, t M t a a a https://defenseinnovationmarketplace.dtic.mil/wp-content/uploads/hhrg/HHRG-114-AS26-Wstate i i i r l i -McMurryUSAFR-20160928.pdf 17. l Lriockheed Martin Pursuing Compact Nuclear Fusion l i r t t t y a ya a y Reactor Concept - Oct 15, 2014, r r r T y https://news.lockheedmartin.com/2014-10 T -y15-Lockheed-Martin-Pursuing-Compact-Nuclear-Fusiy T T T T e on-Reactor-Concept 18. G. A. Wurden - Gooegle Scholar, e e e e c c https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=DrfOzccEAAAAAJ&hl=en 19. Magneto-Inertial Fusion - c c h h h h CORE, https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81153670.phdf 20. Glen Wurden: Fusion rockets for h n n n n oplanetary defense - Nuclear and Particle Physics P-3, on o n htltops://p25ext.lanl.gov/seminar_files/wurden_abstract.html ol 21. arXiv:1906.07457v3 l o o o o [physgics.plasm-ph] 10 Sep 2019, https://arxiv.org/pdf/1906.g07457 22. John J. Degnan PhD, g l y ly y l o Physics .University of Maryland College Park Independent Conot.ractor at Semi-Retired Technical . o c c c S g Consultant o - ResearchSGate, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/ g J o ohn-DegnSan 23. Chris o g e Grabowski Semnior Reseaercher at United States Air Force Research mLaboratory,e m y y y c c c https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Chris-Grabowski 24. Edward Ruden Doctor of Philosophy r . r . r . e e e c United States Air Force Research Laboratory - ResearchGate, c c t t t M ohttps://www.researchgate.net/proMfile/Edward-Ruden 25. 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