Progress and Budget in Fundamental Reinforcement of Defense Capabilities: Overview of FY2025 Budget

Summary

This document presents the Japanese Ministry of Defense’s overview and budget request for FY2025 under the multi-year Defense Buildup Program (DBP). It outlines strategic funding allocations, major defense projects across key operational domains—including stand-off defense, integrated air and missile defense, unmanned systems, space/cyber/electromagnetic cross-domain capabilities, and sustainment—as well as comprehensive initiatives to reinforce the defense production base, enhance personnel welfare, and strengthen bilateral/multilateral security cooperation.

Title Page

防衛省 Ministry of Defense Progress and Budget in Fundamental Reinforcement of Defense Capabilities Overview of FY2025 Budget

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I Progress of the Defense Buildup Program II FY2025 Budget Request III Major Projects 1 Stand-off Defense Capabilities 2 Integrated Air and Missile Defense Capabilities 3 Unmanned Defense Capabilities 4 Cross-Domain Operational Capabilities 5 Command and Control/Intelligence-related Functions 6 Mobile Deployment Capabilities/Civil Protection 7 Sustainability and Resiliency IV Common Infrastructure 1 Reinforcement of Defense Production Base 2 Research and Development 3 New Initiatives for the Early Deployment of Defense Equipment 4 Initiatives for the Utilization of AI 5 Elements Supporting Defense Capabilities 6 Measures for Strengthening the Japan-U.S. Alliance and Fostering Harmony with Local Communities 7 Strengthening Security Cooperation 8 Initiatives to Combat Climate Change 9 Streamlining Initiatives 10 SDF Organizational Changes 11 Authorized Strength of Uniformed SDF Personnel 12 Increase in Civilian Officials 13 Reinforcement of Intelligence Security 14 Reinforcement of Inspection Structure 15 Tax System Reform

I Progress of the Defense Buildup Program - Part 1

✓ The MOD/SDF has been promoting fundamental reinforcement of defense capabilities focusing on the following “Seven Pillars” as the functions and capabilities necessary for the defense of Japan. ✓ Projects have been managed thoroughly and are generally progressing as planned. ✓ The FY2025 budget request includes the projects that need to be started in FY2025 in order to realize the fundamental reinforcement of defense capabilities within the planned period.

Seven Pillars & Progress of Fundamental Reinforcement (Examples):

Stand-off Defense Capabilities: • Rescheduled the acquisition of Tomahawk missiles one year ahead of schedule (rescheduled from FY2026 to FY2025). • Conducted introductory training for MSDF personnel on Tomahawk missile operation from March to October 2024. • Conducted a pre-launch test of a Hyper Velocity Gliding Projectile (HVGP) (April 2024). • Rescheduled the deployment of Upgraded Type-12 surface-to-ship missile (SSM) one year ahead of schedule (rescheduled from FY2026 to FY2025). • Conducted a launch test of Upgraded Type-12 SSM (from October to November 2024).
Integrated Air and Missile Defense Capabilities: • Concluded contracts for building two Aegis System Equipped Vessels (ASEV) (August and September 2024). • Decided on the GPI concept concerning the Japan-U.S. cooperative development of GPI (Glide Phase Interceptor) (September 2024).
Unmanned Defense Capabilities: • Carried out operational demonstrations of 10 types of UAVs during FY2023. • Promoted research and development on various unmanned assets. • Selected the MQ-9B SeaGuardian as long-endurance UAV (November 2024).

I Progress of the Defense Buildup Program - Part 2

Seven Pillars & Progress of Fundamental Reinforcement (Examples) (Continued):

Cross-domain Operation Capabilities (Space/Cyber-space/Land, Maritime and Air Domains): • Established JASDF 2nd Space Systems Management Unit (Hofu Kita) (March 2024). • Reorganized JGSDF Signal School into JGSDF System and Signal/Cyber School (Kurihama) (March 2024). • Reorganized JGSDF Western Field Artillery Unit into JGSDF 2nd Artillery Brigade (Yufuin) and established JGSDF 7th Surface-to-Ship Missile Regiment (Katsuren) (March 2024). • Conducted on-board operational demonstrations of F-35B with the destroyer JS Kaga (from October to November 2024). • Selected the T-6 as new primary trainer aircraft and ground training equipment (November 2024). • Successfully launched the “Kirameki 3,” a X-band defense communication satellite (November 2024).
Command and Control/Intelligence-related Functions: • Initiated the system design and manufacturing of the MOD Cloud (tentative name) to integrate GSDF, MSDF, ASDF systems, etc.
Mobile Deployment Capabilities/Civil Protection: • Deployed PFI vessels as a temporary resting place for people affected by the Noto Peninsula Earthquake. (*PFI: Private Finance Initiative) • Carried out a naming and launching ceremony for one LSV (Landing Support Vessel) and one LCU (Landing Craft Utility) to be operated by the SDF Maritime Transport Group (tentative name), which will be newly established at the end of FY2024 (October and November 2024).
Sustainability/Resiliency (Ammunitions/Sustainment and Maintenance/Improvement of Facility Resiliency): • Started design and construction of SDF facilities in accordance with the “Master Plans” for consolidation and reconstruction, which is being drawn in sequence. (*By reclassifying all JSDF camps and bases into 283 areas, the current status of buildings and lifelines will be identified and evaluated. Based on this identification and evaluation, the MOD will draw up the “Master Plans” to implement structural reinforcement, rearrangement, and consolidation according to the function and importance of the facility.) • Decided to newly build 57 ammunition depots at 12 facilities nationwide (as of December 2024).

II FY2025 Budget Basic Concept

○ Under the basic understanding that Japan is facing the most severe and complex security environment since the end of World War II, the Ministry of Defense (MOD) will continue to secure necessary and sufficient budget in FY2025, the third year of the Defense Buildup Program (DBP), to realize the fundamental reinforcement of defense capabilities within the five-year defense buildup period, based on the National Defense Strategy and the DBP.

The expenditure budget for DBP implementation amounts to ¥8,475 billion. The MOD will steadily increase its budget in line with the progress of programs and executions of the budget throughout the DBP period.
The contract budget for DBP implementation amounts to ¥8,433 billion, resulting from the compilation of a list of projects necessary to start by FY2025. (In conjunction with the FY2023 and FY2024 budgets, 62% of the expenses stipulated in the DBP (¥43.5 trillion) will be allocated.) ○ The MOD continues to focus on the seven key pillars for future defense capabilities, including strengthening stand-off defense capabilities through the building of a satellite constellation and other initiatives. In addition to increasing the number of operationally available equipment, securing ammunitions, and investing in resiliency of defense facilities, the MOD also prioritizes reinforcing the defense production and technology bases and ensuring the steady implementation of the U.S. Forces realignment measures, including measures for communities around bases. ○ In particular, in response to the current challenging recruiting environment within the Self-Defense Force (SDF), and in line with the basic policies compiled by the Ministerial Meeting, which was established in October 2024, the MOD will swiftly implement measures to strengthen the human resource base and establish treatment appropriate to the Reiwa era, ensuring that SDF personnel and retired SDF personnel can take pride in their service. ○ The MOD will also closely monitor project progress across the 15 categories. Besides, in light of the weak yen and high prices, the MOD will carefully examine costs and further promote efficient procurement through bulk purchase and long-term contracts.

II FY2025 Budget Implementation of DBP and Allocation

Implementation of DBP:

Target level of defense buildup under the DBP (total expenditure) [¥43 tril.]: • FY2023 Initial Budget + Supplementary Budget: ¥7,096 billion (Initial: ¥6,600 billion, Supplementary: ¥496.2 billion) • FY2024 Initial Budget + Supplementary Budget: ¥8,221 billion (Initial: ¥7,725 billion, Supplementary: ¥496.1 billion) • FY2025 Initial Budget: ¥8,475 billion • FY2027 Projected: ¥8.9 trillion
Total expenses based on contracts for new projects under the DBP (contract basis) [¥43.5 tril.]: • FY2023: ¥9,082 billion (Initial: ¥8,953 billion, Supplementary: ¥129.7 billion) • FY2024: ¥9,469 billion (Initial: ¥9,363 billion, Supplementary: ¥106.6 billion) • FY2025: ¥8,433 billion

Annual Defense-related Expenditures (3 categories) [Unit: ¥100 million]:

Defense-related Expenditures: FY2024 Budget: 77,249 (79,496); Year-on-year change: 11,248 [17.0%] (11,277 [16.5%]); FY2025 Budget: 84,748 (87,005); Year-on-year change: 7,498 [9.7%] (7,508 [9.4%])
Personnel and provisions expenses: FY2024: 22,290; Year-on-year change: 320 [1.5%]; FY2025: 23,508; Year-on-year change: 1,218 [5.5%]
Material expenses: FY2024: 54,960 (57,206); Year-on-year change: 10,927 [24.8%] (10,957 [23.7%]); FY2025: 61,240 (63,497); Year-on-year change: 6,280 [11.4%] (6,290 [11.0%]) • Obligatory outlay expenses: FY2024: 37,928 (39,480); Year-on-year change: 12,745 [50.6%] (12,949 [48.8%]); FY2025: 43,119 (44,553); Year-on-year change: 5,191 [13.7%] (5,073 [12.9%]) • General material expenses: FY2024: 17,032 (17,727); Year-on-year change: △1,818 [△9.6%] (△1,992 [△10.1%]); FY2025: 18,121 (18,944); Year-on-year change: 1,089 [6.4%] (1,217 [6.9%])

II FY2025 Budget Allocation by Area and Use

Allocation by 15 Areas (contract basis):

Stand-off Defense Capabilities: Total DBP: ¥5.0 trillion; FY23: ¥1,413B; FY24: ¥713B; FY25: ¥939B
Integrated Air and Missile Defense Capabilities: Total DBP: ¥3.0 trillion; FY23: ¥983B; FY24: ¥1,228B; FY25: ¥533B
Unmanned Defense Capabilities: Total DBP: ¥1.0 trillion; FY23: ¥179B; FY24: ¥115B; FY25: ¥111B
Cross-domain Operation Capabilities: • Space: Total DBP: ¥1.0 trillion; FY23: ¥153B; FY24: ¥98B; FY25: ¥212B • Cyber: Total DBP: ¥1.0 trillion; FY23: ¥236B; FY24: ¥203B; FY25: ¥262B • Vehicles / Vessels / Aircraft, etc.: Total DBP: ¥6.0 trillion; FY23: ¥1,176B; FY24: ¥1,339B; FY25: ¥1,138B
Command and Control / Intelligence-related Functions: Total DBP: ¥1.0 trillion; FY23: ¥305B; FY24: ¥425B; FY25: ¥385B
Mobile Deployment Capabilities / Civil Protection: Total DBP: ¥2.0 trillion; FY23: ¥240B; FY24: ¥565B; FY25: ¥455B
Sustainability and Resiliency: • Ammunitions: Total DBP: ¥2.0 trillion (¥5.0T incl. other areas); FY23: ¥212B (¥828B incl.); FY24: ¥401B (¥925B incl.); FY25: ¥288B (¥767B incl.) • Sustainment and Maintenance for Equipment, and Securing Operational Availability: Total DBP: ¥9.0 trillion (¥10.0T incl. other areas); FY23: ¥1,793B (¥2,036B incl.); FY24: ¥1,909B (¥2,337B incl.); FY25: ¥1,770B (¥2,225B incl.) • Facilities Improvement: Total DBP: ¥4.0 trillion; FY23: ¥474B; FY24: ¥631B; FY25: ¥695B
Reinforcing Defense Production Base: Total DBP: ¥0.4 trillion (¥1.0T incl. other areas); FY23: ¥97B (¥147B incl.); FY24: ¥83B (¥92B incl.); FY25: ¥96B (¥100B incl.)
Research and Development: Total DBP: ¥1.0 trillion (¥3.5T incl. other areas); FY23: ¥232B (¥897B incl.); FY24: ¥226B (¥822B incl.); FY25: ¥219B (¥639B incl.)
Base Measures: Total DBP: ¥2.6 trillion; FY23: ¥515B; FY24: ¥514B; FY25: ¥536B
Training / Education, Fuels, etc.: Total DBP: ¥4.0 trillion; FY23: ¥944B; FY24: ¥912B; FY25: ¥795B
Total: Total DBP: ¥43.5 trillion; FY23: ¥8,953B; FY24: ¥9,363B; FY25: ¥8,433B

Categories by Use of FY2025 Budget (Expenditure basis: 84,748 [¥100M]):

Maintenance, etc.: 29.8% (25,245)
Personnel and provisions: 27.7% (23,508)
Equipment procurement, etc.: 22.1% (18,742)
Base measures: 6.2% (5,248)
Research & Development: 5.8% (4,928)
Facility improvements: 5.0% (4,221)
Others: 3.4% (2,855)

II Reference - Change in Expenditure & Basic Concept

Reference: Change in Expenditure (Initial Budget) from FY1997 to FY2025 showing increase for 13 consecutive years. Cabinet Decision Excerpt (December 6, 2024): Guidance on budget drafting, economic growth, defense funding of approx. 43 trillion yen over five years (FY2023-FY2027), and human resource base measures.

II FY2025 Budget Key Points - Stand-off, Space Satellites

Key Points Summary:

Acquisition of Stand-off Missiles: Development, mass production, and acquisition schedule for Upgraded Type-12 SSM (surface, ship, air launched), Submarine-launched Missile, New Surface-to-Ship/Surface Precision Guided Missile, HVGP, Hypersonic Missile, and Tomahawk.
Building Satellite Constellation (PFI method): Starting at the end of FY2025 to detect and track targets for stand-off operations.
Deployment of Next-generation Defense Communication Satellite: Successor to Kirameki 2 (X-band).

II FY2025 Budget Key Points - Space Operations Wing, Transport, GCAP

Key Points Summary:

Establishment of Space Operations Wing (ASDF renaming to Air and Space Self-Defense Force).
Utilization of Private Maritime Transport Services (PFI method, expanding from 2 to 6 ships).
Acquisition of Transport Vessels: LSV, LCU, and MSV for the new SDF Maritime Transport Group.
Development of Next-generation Fighter Aircraft: GCAP trilaterally with UK and Italy under GIGO, along with next-generation medium-range air-to-air missile development.

II FY2025 Budget Fundamental Reinforcement of Human Resource Base - Overview & Allowances

Total allocation: ¥409.7 billion for human resource initiatives.

Improvement of Treatment for SDF Personnel (¥16.7 billion):
- Over 30 allowances established/increased.
- Improvement of compensation (¥5.0 billion): Air traffic controller allowance, Aircraft maintenance technician allowance, Field exercise allowance, Flying allowance increase, Disaster relief activity allowance increase, Cyber Special Operations allowance.
- Recruitment of ‘shi’ (E1-E3) (¥9.1 billion): Designated Place Living Adjustment Allowance (up to ¥1.2M over 6 years), increased appointment lump-sum allowance, expansion of SDF Scholarship Program.
- Reserve personnel improvement (¥2.6 billion): Increased SDF Reserve and Ready Reserve allowances.

II FY2025 Budget Fundamental Reinforcement of Human Resource Base - Living Environments & Careers

Improvement of Living and Working Environments (¥387.8 billion):
- Developing environments aligning with younger generations (¥349.1 billion): Individual space in barracks, facility renovation, vessel accommodation improvements, housing reconstruction, Wi-Fi expansion, Starlink/LEO satellite comms on vessels.
- Work-life balance & women empowerment (¥17.2 billion): Childcare services, women’s quarters in barracks and submarines.
- Clothing, food, health systems (¥21.5 billion): Uniform renewal, enhanced food quality.
Establishment of New Lifetime Career Plans (¥1.9 billion): Re-employment vocational training (IT/semiconductors), career support network.
Other Initiatives (¥3.2 billion): Digital/online recruitment PR, establishment of new HR reinforcement team.

II FY2025 Budget Fundamental Reinforcement of Human Resource Base - Automation, AI & External HR

Upgrade of Units through Automation and Labor-saving with Utilization of AI:

Remote surveillance system for GSDF camp security (¥17.6 billion, targeting 40 camps, saving ~1,000 personnel/day).
Automation of supply warehouses at Okinawa Training Area Branch Depot (¥4.3 billion).
Demand forecasting capabilities utilizing AI (¥1.9 billion).
Building new FFMs with reduced crew requirements (~90 personnel vs ~200) (3 ships: ¥314.8 billion).
Acquisition of long-endurance UAVs (MQ-9B SeaGuardian) (¥41.5 billion).

Utilization of External Human Resources:

Private sector maintenance at GSDF radar depots (¥200 million).
Private sector curriculum preparation for patrol vessels (¥200 million).

III Major Projects - 1 Stand-off Defense Capabilities

1 Stand-off Defense Capabilities – Approx. ¥939 billion:

Concept: Defend Japan’s territory spanning over 3,000 km from outside the enemy threat zone.
Future operational framework integrating Satellite Constellation, F-15/F-2 upgrades, F-35, UAVs, Target Observation Rounds, Submarines, Surface vessels, and Ground Launch Vehicles with Tomahawk, JASSM, JSM, HVGP, Hypersonic missiles, and Upgraded Type-12 SSM.

III Major Projects - Stand-off Defense Missiles & Targeting

Major Project Line Items:

Upgraded Type-12 SSM: Development (¥6.2B); Surface-launched ground equipment (2 sets: ¥16.9B); Ship-launched variant acquisition (¥16.8B).
Submarine-launched Missile: Development (¥2.2B); Acquisition (¥3.0B).
Hyper Velocity Gliding Projectile (HVGP): Development (¥3.7B); Acquisition (¥29.3B).
Hypersonic Missile: Manufacturing system expansion (¥239.1B); Development (¥58.5B).
Other Stand-off Missiles: Acquisition of JSM (¥15.9B) and JASSM (¥2.8B); F-35A JSM upgrade (7 aircraft: ¥1.7B); F-2 Upgraded Type-12 air-launched upgrade (8 aircraft: ¥13.0B); Tomahawk ship modification (¥1.8B); Seamless C2 software development (¥700M); Manufacturing survey (¥1.0B).
Target Information Gathering: Building satellite constellation (¥283.2B).

III Major Projects - 2 Integrated Air and Missile Defense Capabilities

2 Integrated Air and Missile Defense Capabilities – Approx. ¥533.1 billion:

Multi-tier defense architecture against ballistic missiles, hypersonic glide vehicles (HGVs), and airborne threats.
Operational integration with early warning satellites, Next-generation JADGE, Aegis destroyers (SM-3 Block IIA, SM-6), Glide Phase Interceptor (GPI), Ground radar networks (FPS-5, FPS-7), and PAC-3MSE / Upgraded Type 03 Medium Range SAM.

III Major Projects - IAMD Interception Assets & Sensors

Major Line Items:

Interception Assets: • Aegis System Equipped Vessel (ASEV) related expenses (¥86.5B) • Interceptor Deployment: SM-3 Block IIA (¥74.4B), SM-6 (¥10.4B), PAC-3 MSE (¥43.5B), Type 03 medium-range SAM (modified) (2 sets: ¥72.0B) • Successor to Kongo-class Aegis destroyer research (¥2.0B)
Sensors and Networks: • Next-generation JADGE remodeling (¥11.9B), FPS-5 upgrade (¥900M), FPS-7 upgrade (¥500M) • Mobile Warning and Control Radars (TPS-102) for Kitadaito Island (¥7.9B) • Fire Control (FC) Network deployment for surface ships (¥800M)

III Major Projects - 3 Unmanned Defense Capabilities Overview

3 Unmanned Defense Capabilities – Approx. ¥111.0 billion:

Concept and advantages of unmanned systems: Asymmetric advantage, reduced personnel risk, rapid acquisition, mass deployment across ISRT, attack, and combat support domains in maritime, underwater, air, and ground environments.

III Major Projects - Unmanned Defense Projects

Major Line Items:

ISRT Functions: MQ-9B SeaGuardian long-endurance UAVs (¥41.5B, 2 aircraft & ground station); Ship-based small UAVs (¥4.0B); Upgraded mid-range UAVs with SAR (2 sets: ¥4.2B); Close-range UAVs (173 sets: ¥4.7B); General-purpose close-range UAVs (383 sets: ¥1.1B).
Attack Functions: Miniature attack UAVs (¥3.2B).
R&D: UGV systems research (¥1.4B); Long-endurance UUVs research (¥1.4B).
Transport Functions: Transport unmanned aircraft testing (¥1.2B).

III Major Projects - 4 Cross-Domain Operational Capabilities Overview

4 Cross-Domain Operational Capabilities:

Strengthening combined operations across Ground, Maritime, Air, Space, Cyber, and Electromagnetic Spectrum domains to achieve asymmetric superiority.
Conceptual depiction of network-centric warfare involving Beyond 5G/6G, HAPS, SDA satellites, digital twins, and directed energy weapons.

III Major Projects - Space Domain

(1) Space Domain – Approx. ¥540.3 billion (¥211.9B excluding other areas):

Satellite Communications: Multilateral PATS equipment (¥2.2B); Next-generation defense comms satellite (¥123.6B); Commercial LEO satellite terminals on vessels (¥600M, 47 vessels in FY25).
Space Information Gathering: Tactical AI Demonstration Satellite prototype (¥5.2B); Next-gen defense tech demo satellite (¥9.7B); HGV detection/tracking optical studies (¥3.0B); Satellite constellation (¥283.2B); Commercial optical satellite data acquisition (¥24.7B).
Space Domain Awareness (SDA): Satellite interference detection systems (¥2.8B).
Organization: Space Operations Wing establishment.

III Major Projects - Cyber Domain

(2) Cyber Domain – Approx. ¥292.7 billion (¥261.5B excluding other areas):

Risk Management Framework (RMF) implementation (¥27.7B).
Information Systems Protection: MOD Cloud construction (¥97.0B); Cyber protection analysis equipment (¥8.4B); Threat hunting equipment (¥3.6B); AI-based Decision-making Support System (DSS) (¥4.1B).
Cyber Education & Workforce: JGSDF High Technical School (¥100M); NDA Faculty of Cyber Engineering (¥80M); External education (¥1.7B); International cyber collaboration (¥400M); Expanding cyber workforce towards 20,000 total personnel (~4,000 core) by FY2027.
Industry Cybersecurity: Defense production base standards compliance (¥100M); Security survey and auditor training (¥900M).

III Major Projects - Electromagnetic Spectrum Domain

(3) Electromagnetic Spectrum Domain:

Communication & Radar Jamming: Network Electronic Warfare System (NEWS) (1 set: ¥8.8B); Upgraded NEWS development (¥4.7B); Type-24 Counter Air Electronic Warfare System (2 sets: ¥6.4B).
Counter EW: F-35A (8 aircraft: ¥138.7B); F-35B (3 aircraft: ¥66.5B).
EW Support: Signals intelligence aircraft RC-2 (1 aircraft: ¥45.7B); EW aircraft development (¥41.3B).
Response to Small UAVs & Directed Energy: Ship-board high-energy laser system research (¥18.3B); Vehicle-mounted laser equipment research (¥3.4B); High Power Microwave (HPM) research (¥800M).

III Major Projects - Ground / Maritime / Air Domains (Ground Equipment)

(4) Ground / Maritime / Air Domains – Approx. ¥1.1385 trillion:

Type-16 Maneuver Combat Vehicle (15 units: ¥15.4B).
Common Tactical Wheeled Vehicles: Type-24 Infantry Combat Vehicle (18 units: ¥22.0B); Type-24 120mm Maneuver Mortar Combat Vehicle (8 units: ¥8.5B); Reconnaissance Combat Vehicle (6 units: ¥9.1B).
Type-10 Tanks (12 units: ¥22.9B).
Type-19 155mm Wheeled Self-propelled Howitzer (14 units: ¥14.0B).
Armored Modular Vehicle (AMV) (28 units: ¥22.5B).
Surface-to-ship missile training infrastructure (¥4.7B).

III Major Projects - Maritime & Naval Aviation Assets

New FFMs (3 ships: ¥314.8B, 4,800 tons displacement).
Taigei-class submarine (9th boat, 1 ship: ¥114.0B, 3,000 tons displacement).
Fixed-wing patrol aircraft P-1 (2 aircraft: ¥84.8B).
Patrol helicopters SH-60L (2 aircraft: ¥29.3B).
Search and rescue amphibious aircraft US-2 (1 aircraft: ¥21.8B).

III Major Projects - Air Assets & Small Arms

Fighter aircraft F-35A (8 aircraft: ¥138.7B, domestic FACO).
Fighter aircraft F-35B (3 aircraft: ¥66.5B).
Fighter aircraft F-2 upgrade (8 aircraft: ¥13.0B).
Primary trainer aircraft T-6 and ground equipment (2 aircraft: ¥6.6B).
Type-20 5.56mm rifle (¥5.4B; GSDF: 10,000, MSDF: 205, ASDF: 2,702).

5 Command and Control / Intelligence-related Functions – Approx. ¥836.8 billion (¥385.2B excluding other areas):

Command & Control: Next-generation JADGE (¥11.9B); Tactical Datalink (¥9.8B); Central Command System (¥1.0B); GSDF AI foundation (¥2.9B).
Decision-Making Superiority: MOD Cloud (¥97.0B); MOD Cloud regional edge computing bases (¥5.3B).

III Major Projects - C2 Networks, Advanced Crypto & Cognitive Domain

Advanced Networks: All-Photonics Network (APN) with opto-electric conversion (¥800M); Post-quantum cryptographic and quantum key distribution demo (¥2.0B).
Data, Apps and AI: Agile development research (¥90M); On-premises generative AI adoption (¥400M); Tactical AI Demonstration Satellite (¥5.2B).
Intelligence Functions: Defense Attaché expansion (Fiji, Brunei, Philippines, France); Intelligence systems (¥43.7B); Equipment for info gathering/analysis (¥468.9B; incl. constellation, EW aircraft, RC-2, and Ground wave measuring equipment ¥13.3B); Open-source/social media AI analysis (¥1.2B); Security situation forecasting services (¥2.1B); MSDF Information Warfare/Operations Command establishment.

III Major Projects - 6 Mobile Deployment Capabilities / Civil Protection

6 Mobile Deployment Capabilities / Civil Protection – Approx. ¥454.5 billion:

Aerial refueling and transport aircraft KC-46A (4 aircraft: ¥206.8B).
Transport vessels for SDF Maritime Transport Group: LSV (1 vessel: ¥8.0B); LCU (1 vessel: ¥6.4B); MSV (1 vessel: ¥5.8B).
Utility helicopters UH-2 (16 aircraft: ¥52.9B).
Private Maritime Transport Services (PFI): Charter/contracting 4 private vessels (¥39.6B); PFI vessel exercises (¥1.2B).

III Major Projects - 7 Sustainability and Resiliency - Ammunitions

7 Sustainability and Resiliency: (1) Securing Ammunitions – Approx. ¥767.5 billion (¥287.6B excluding other areas):

Medium-Range Multi-Purpose Missile (¥5.6B)
155mm High Explosive Shell (¥4.9B)
5.56mm Bullet (¥5.2B)
Type-23 Ship-to-Air Missile (¥32.7B)
Type-23 Air-to-Ship Missile (¥16.1B)
Medium-Range Air-to-Air Missile AIM-120 (¥12.2B)
Medium-Range Air-to-Air Missile AAM-4B (¥13.9B)

III Major Projects - Sustainment and Maintenance of Defense Equipment

(3) Sustainment and Maintenance of Defense Equipment – Approx. ¥2.2247 trillion (¥1.7696T excluding other areas):

Budget growth trend: From ¥817.0B average (2014-2018) to ¥2,199.0B average under DBP (2023-2025).
Comprehensive PBL contracts for LCU transport vessels (¥3.0B).
Storage and long-term mothballing of spare equipment: Type-74 tanks, Type-90 tanks, MLRS (¥700M).

III Major Projects - Improvement of Facility Resiliency

(3) Improvement of Facility Resiliency – Approx. ¥698.3 billion (¥695.3B excluding other areas):

Renovation and seismic/wear protection of existing facilities (¥269.4B).
Underground installation of main headquarters, dispersal pads, EMP hardening (¥87.4B).
Anti-inundation and slope failure measures (¥9.3B).
Construction of ammunition depots (¥33.6B).
Base construction for new units: JGSDF Cyber School (¥13.2B); Sasebo Sakibe-East (¥25.5B); Kitadaito radar site (¥6.0B); Kure composite defense base (¥500M).
Counter-drone defense equipment for SDF bases (¥3.0B).

IV Common Infrastructure - 1 Reinforcement of Defense Production Base

1 Reinforcement of Defense Production Base – Approx. ¥99.6 billion (¥96.4B excluding other areas):

Grounding initiatives under the Act on Enhancing Defense Production and Technology Bases (¥25.6B): • Supply chain resilience and diversification (¥600M) • Manufacturing efficiency via automation, robots, DX, and AI (¥20.5B) • Cybersecurity enhancements (¥100M) • Support for business succession (¥4.3B)
SME support desks and nationwide seminars (¥90M).
Defense equipment transfer facilitation fund (¥40.0B); Transfer feasibility studies (¥200M); Exhibition displays (¥400M).

IV Common Infrastructure - 2 Research and Development

2 Research and Development – Approx. ¥638.7 billion (¥218.9B excluding other areas):

Innovation Foundations: Innovative Science & Technology Initiative for Security (¥11.4B); Breakthrough Research (¥20.1B); Bridging Research (¥17.5B).
Stand-off R&D: Submarine Vertical Launch System (VLS) undersea launchers (¥29.7B); Hypersonic missiles (¥58.5B).
IAMD R&D: Upgraded Type 03 SAM (modified) against HGVs (¥14.2B); Ship-board laser (¥18.3B); HPM (¥800M).
Unmanned Systems R&D: UAV network combat systems (¥3.8B); UGV systems (¥1.4B); Long-endurance UUVs (¥1.4B).
GCAP / Fighter Aircraft R&D: Next-generation fighter development (¥108.7B); Collaborative AI UAVs (¥12.8B); Next-gen medium-range AAM (¥5.9B).
Security Infrastructure: Network facilities meeting international standards (¥26.3B).

IV Common Infrastructure - 3 Early Deployment Schemes & 4 AI Utilization

3 New Initiatives for the Early Deployment of Defense Equipment:

Accelerated framework to deploy within 5 years and reach full operational status in ~10 years using COTS, rapid iteration, and startup collaboration.

4 Initiatives for the Utilization of AI:

Application across demand forecasting, tactical satellite comms, cyber DSS, GSDF AI foundation, on-premise generative AI, and OSINT.
Structural Reinforcement: External AI expert hiring (¥50M); AI training/programming courses for SDF personnel (¥10M).

IV Common Infrastructure - 5 Elements Supporting Defense Capabilities (HR Base)

5 Elements Supporting Defense Capabilities:

Recruitment: Provincial Cooperation Offices reinforcement (¥1.8B) and operational review (¥50M); SDF scholarship expansion; Online/digital recruiting (¥1.4B); PR for career changers (¥200M).
Re-employment Support: IT/semiconductor vocational courses (¥800M); Work-management/life planning education (¥200M); PR (¥200M); SDF Assistance Association web portal (¥800M).
Allowances Reform: Extensive revisions across E1-E3 entry bonuses, living adjustments, reserve compensation, air traffic controllers, pilots, maintenance, disaster relief, cyber, airborne, and special boarding units.

IV Common Infrastructure - Working Style, Harassment Prevention, Women’s Participation

Harassment Prevention: External hotline, training, behavior modification, legal consultation (¥70M).
Women’s Participation: Infrastructure/barracks/submarine quarters (¥16.4B, budget more than doubled since 2022); Sanitary items and automatic processing bins on vessels (¥30M).
Working Style & Living Conditions: Admin document digitalization (¥300M); Workplaces and vessel PCs (¥800M); Childcare facilities and emergency stockpiles (¥230M); Barracks reconstruction and individual partitioned rooms (¥277.6B + ¥1.4B); Air conditioning installation (¥27.9B); Upgraded catering menus with local produce (¥2.8B); Vessel communication (Wi-Fi, email, Starlink LEO comms) (¥400M).

IV Common Infrastructure - Education, Medical, and Reserve Support

Education & Research: National Institute for Defense Studies AI history transcription (¥70M) and cyber research (¥100M); National Defense Academy improvements (¥780M); National Defense Medical College infrastructure & combat trauma care (¥2.0B) and military medicine research (¥600M); High-performance F-35/F-2 simulators (¥19.9B).
Medical Functions Enhancement: Blood supply autonomy/management (¥6.1B); Frontline first-aid and field surgical systems (¥1.27B); Aeromedical evacuation (¥200M); Reconstruction of SDF Fukuoka (¥16.5B) and Yokosuka (¥6.9B) hospitals; Naha Hospital assessment (¥10M).

IV Common Infrastructure - 6 Japan-U.S. Alliance & Base Measures

6 Measures for Strengthening the Japan-U.S. Alliance and Fostering Harmony with Local Communities:

U.S. Forces Realignment (¥344.5B total): • Marine Corps relocation to Guam (¥600M) • Okinawa Realignment (¥232.0B): Futenma Replacement Facility (¥191.9B), Futenma refurbishment (¥8.7B), Land return south of Kadena (¥31.5B) • Mageshima Island carrier-based aircraft facility (¥47.3B) • Contingency/training relocation & local measures (¥64.5B)
SACO-Related Expenses: ¥11.9 billion
Base Measures: Residential soundproofing (¥61.9B); Surrounding environment improvements and civil defense shelters (¥83.8B); Host Nation Support / Cost Sharing (¥226.8B; SMA ¥163.5B, FIP ¥35.0B, USFJ social insurance ¥28.3B); Land rents & compensation (¥161.1B).

IV Common Infrastructure - 7 Security Cooperation & Climate Change

7 Strengthening Security Cooperation:

Bilateral & Multilateral Exercises: Japan-U.S. Joint Exercises, Iron Fist, Mobility Guardian, Cobra Gold, Pacific Partnership, Talisman Sabre, Sama SAMA, UK CSG cooperation.
Capacity Building: HA/DR, unexploded ordnance disposal (Solomon Islands), WPS in ASEAN, ADMM-Plus, Vientiane Vision 2.0.
Maritime Security: CTF 151 counter-piracy in Gulf of Aden; IPD and IMED deployments; Middle East information gathering.

8 Initiatives to Combat Climate Change:

Flood mitigation and emergency power at bases (¥3.6B); Hybrid systems R&D (¥100M); Disaster relief drones/carriers (¥5.8B); Climate security cooperation (¥800M); Barracks air conditioning (¥28.9B); LED lighting and hybrid vehicles (¥15.5B).

IV Common Infrastructure - 9 Streamlining & 10-15 Structural Reforms

9 Streamlining Initiatives (Target: ~¥265.3 billion cost reduction):

Operational Divestment: JASDF U-125A (¥700M saving).
Bulk/Long-term contracts & PBL (¥25.9B saving).
Standardizing parts / COTS (¥200M saving).
Project reviews & outsourcing (¥95.7B saving).
Man-hour/production optimization (¥142.7B saving).
Personnel reallocation: +230 to Cyber Defense Command, +125 to JMSDF, +151 to JASDF.

10 SDF Organizational Changes:

JGSDF: Ground Materiel Command, Logistics School.
JMSDF: Fleet Surface Force, Information Warfare/Operations Command.
JASDF: Space Operations Wing.

11 Authorized Uniformed Strength: Regular total: 247,154 (JGSDF 149,403; JMSDF 45,462; JASDF 47,131; Joint Units 2,423); Reserve total: 47,900; Ready Reserve: 7,981. 12 Civilian Officials: Increase by 328 (net increase 107; total 21,255). 13 Intelligence Security: Security clearance administration and councilor appointment. 14 Inspection Structure: Additional inspection team. 15 Tax Reforms: Defense surtaxes on Corporate, Income, and Tobacco taxes; ACSA/RAA diesel and customs exemptions.

Reference - Comprehensive Defense Architecture & Budget Breakdown Details

Reinforcement of Comprehensive Defense Architecture:

R&D matching projects across ministries.
Designated ‘Specific Use Airport and Seaport’ infrastructure and access roads.
Active cyber defense legislation.
Official Security Assistance (OSA) expansion (Philippines, Indonesia, Mongolia, Djibouti).

Budget Structure & Technical Accounting Breakdown:

Expenditure base vs Contract base definitions and multi-year future obligations structure.
Total FY2025 Expenditures: ¥8,474.8 billion (Personnel/provisions: ¥2,350.8B, Obligatory outlays: ¥4,311.9B, General material: ¥1,812.1B).
Total FY2025 Contract base material expenses: ¥84,332 [¥100M] (Maintenance: ¥32,439; Procurement: ¥16,879; Aircraft: ¥7,607; Shipbuilding: ¥4,643; Facilities: ¥7,434; R&D: ¥6,387; Base measures: ¥5,336; Others: ¥3,608).
Organization Breakdown (Expenditure base): MOD total ¥7,817.9B (GSDF: ¥2,495.4B; MSDF: ¥2,335.4B; ASDF: ¥1,944.8B; ATLA: ¥631.5B; Internal Bureau: ¥698.8B; DIH: ¥149.0B; Joint Staff: ¥124.5B; etc.).