Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls for Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies - Public Documents Volume II: List of Dual-Use Goods and Technologies and Munitions List

Summary

This document contains Volume II of the public documents compiled by the Wassenaar Arrangement Secretariat, providing comprehensive control lists for dual-use goods, technologies, and munitions. It outlines technical thresholds, definitions, exemptions, sensitive item classifications, and statements of understanding agreed upon by participating states to govern international export controls on conventional arms and sensitive dual-use equipment.

Title Page

Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls for Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies

PUBLIC DOCUMENTS Volume II

List of Dual-Use Goods and Technologies and Munitions List

Compiled by the Wassenaar Arrangement Secretariat 2025

Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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LIST OF DUAL-USE GOODS AND TECHNOLOGIES

• General Technology, General Software and General “Information Security” Notes: 3
• Category 1 Special Materials and Related Equipment: 4
• Category 2 Materials Processing: 25
• Category 3 Electronics: 50
• Category 4 Computers: 78
• Category 5 - Part 1 Telecommunications: 84
• Category 5 - Part 2 “Information Security”: 93
• Category 6 Sensors and “Lasers”: 101
• Category 7 Navigation and Avionics: 141
• Category 8 Marine: 150
• Category 9 Aerospace and Propulsion: 157
• Sensitive List: 170
• Very Sensitive List: 178

MUNITIONS LIST

• General Notes: 181
• Items 1 to 22: 181

DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED IN THESE LISTS: 215 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THESE LISTS: 235 STATEMENTS OF UNDERSTANDING AND VALIDITY NOTES: 239

These Lists reflect the agreements recorded in Appendix 5 to the Initial Elements, dated 19 December 1995, and all subsequent amendments, including those approved by the Plenary in 2025.

General Notes

DUAL-USE LIST

Note 1: Terms in “quotations” are defined terms. Refer to ‘Definitions of Terms used in these Lists’ annexed to this List. Note 2: In some instances chemicals are listed by name and Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) number. The list applies to chemicals of the same structural formula (including hydrates) regardless of name or CAS number. CAS numbers are shown to assist in identifying a particular chemical or mixture, irrespective of nomenclature. CAS numbers cannot be used as unique identifiers because some forms of the listed chemical have different CAS numbers, and mixtures containing a listed chemical may also have different CAS numbers.

GENERAL TECHNOLOGY NOTE The export of “technology” which is “required” for the “development”, “production” or “use” of items controlled in the Dual-Use List is controlled according to the provisions in each Category. This “technology” remains under control even when applicable to any uncontrolled item. Controls do not apply to that “technology” which is the minimum necessary for the installation, operation, maintenance (checking) or repair of those items which are not controlled or whose export has been authorised. Note: This does not release such “technology” controlled in entries 1.E.2.e. & 1.E.2.f. and 8.E.2.a. & 8.E.2.b. Controls do not apply to “technology” “in the public domain”, to “basic scientific research” or to the minimum necessary information for patent applications.

GENERAL SOFTWARE NOTE The Lists do not control “software” which is any of the following:

1. Generally available to the public by being: a. Sold from stock at retail selling points without restriction, by means of:
2. Over-the-counter transactions;
3. Mail order transactions;
4. Electronic transactions; or
5. Telephone call transactions; and b. Designed for installation by the user without further substantial support by the supplier; Note: Entry 1 of the General Software Note does not release “software” controlled by Category 5 - Part 2 (“Information Security”).
6. “In the public domain”; or
7. The minimum necessary “object code” for the installation, operation, maintenance (checking) or repair of those items whose export has been authorised. Note: Entry 3 of the General Software Note does not release “software” controlled by Category 5 - Part 2 (“Information Security”).

GENERAL “INFORMATION SECURITY” NOTE “Information security” items or functions should be considered against the provisions in Category 5 - Part 2, even if they are components, “software” or functions of other items.

Dual-Use List - Category 1: Special Materials and Related Equipment

1. A. SYSTEMS, EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS

2. A. 1. Components made from fluorinated compounds, as follows: a. Seals, gaskets, sealants or fuel bladders, specially designed for “aircraft” or aerospace use, made from more than 50% by weight of any of the materials specified in 1.C.9.b. or 1.C.9.c. b. Not used since 2015 c. Not used since 2015

3. A. 2. “Composite” structures or laminates, as follows: a. Made from any of the following:

4. An organic “matrix” and “fibrous or filamentary materials” specified in 1.C.10.c. or 1.C.10.d.; or

5. Prepregs or preforms specified in 1.C.10.e.; b. Made from a metal or carbon “matrix”, and any of the following:

6. Carbon “fibrous or filamentary materials” having all of the following: a. A “specific modulus” exceeding 10.15 x 10^6 m; and b. A “specific tensile strength” exceeding 17.7 x 10^4 m; or

7. Materials specified in 1.C.10.c.

8. A. 3. Manufactures of non-”fusible” aromatic polyimides in film, sheet, tape or ribbon form having any of the following: a. A thickness exceeding 0.254 mm; or b. Coated or laminated with carbon, graphite, metals or magnetic substances.

9. A. 4. Protective and detection equipment and components, not specially designed for military use, covering full face masks, protective suits, detection systems, and electronic explosive trace detection equipment.

10. A. 5. Body armour and components therefor, including soft body armour not manufactured to military standards and hard body armour plates providing protection equal to or less than level IIIA (NIJ 0101.06).

11. A. 6. Equipment specially designed or modified for the disposal of Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs), including remotely operated vehicles and disruptors.

12. A. 7. Equipment and devices specially designed to initiate charges and devices containing energetic materials by electrical means (exploding bridge, exploding bridge wire, slapper, exploding foil initiators).

13. A. 8. Charges, devices and components including shaped charges, linear shaped cutting charges, detonating cord, and cutters.

14. B. TEST, INSPECTION AND PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT Covering filament winding machines, tape-laying machines, multidirectional weaving machines, CVD conversion equipment, non-destructive inspection systems, tow-placement machines, metal alloy powder production equipment, and superplastic forming/diffusion bonding tools.

15. C. MATERIALS Covering absorbing materials, intrinsically conductive polymers, advanced metal alloys and powders, magnetic metals, uranium titanium alloys, superconductive composite conductors, fluids and lubricants, ceramic powders and matrix composites, non-fluorinated/fluorinated polymers, fibrous and filamentary materials, and nuclear materials (plutonium-238, neptunium-237).

16. D. SOFTWARE & 1. E. TECHNOLOGY Software and technology for development, production, and repair of Category 1 equipment and materials.

Dual-Use List - Category 2: Materials Processing

2. A. SYSTEMS, EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS

3. A. 1. Anti-friction bearings, bearing systems, and components (ball bearings, solid roller bearings, active magnetic bearing systems).

4. B. TEST, INSPECTION AND PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT

5. B. 1. Machine tools for turning, milling, grinding, and electrical discharge machining (EDM) with numerical control capabilities.

6. B. 2. Numerically controlled optical finishing machine tools.

7. B. 3. Numerically controlled gear making machine tools.

8. B. 4. Hot isostatic presses.

9. B. 5. Equipment for deposition, processing, and in-process control of inorganic overlays (CVD, PVD, ion implantation, plasma spraying, sputter deposition, cathodic arc deposition).

10. B. 6. Dimensional inspection and measuring systems (CMMs, linear displacement systems, angular feedback units).

11. B. 7. Robots designed for explosive munitions environments, radiation-hardened, or high-altitude operations.

12. B. 8. Compound rotary tables and tilting spindles.

13. B. 9. Spin-forming and flow-forming machines.

14. D. SOFTWARE & 2. E. TECHNOLOGY Control and design software for machine tools, numerical control systems, and deposition techniques specified in the Deposition Techniques Table.

Dual-Use List - Category 3: Electronics

3. A. SYSTEMS, EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS

4. A. 1. Electronic items including general purpose integrated circuits, radiation-hardened circuits, microprocessors, compound semiconductor ICs, ADCs, DACs, FPGAs/CPLDs, travelling-wave tubes, MMIC power amplifiers, microwave transistors, acoustic wave devices, superconductive devices, high-energy cells and capacitors, position encoders, and power switches.

5. A. 2. General purpose electronic equipment: digital data recorders, real-time oscilloscopes (>90 GHz), signal analysers, signal generators, network analysers, atomic frequency standards, and ADC modules.

6. A. 3. Spray cooling thermal management systems.

7. B. TEST, INSPECTION AND PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT Epitaxial growth equipment (ALE, MOCVD, MBE), ion implanters, multi-chamber wafer handling systems, lithography equipment (EUV, DUV, imprint lithography, mask making tools), and test equipment.

8. C. MATERIALS Hetero-epitaxial materials, resist materials, organo-metallic compounds, hydrides, and high resistivity semiconductor substrates (SiC, GaN, Ga2O3, diamond).

9. D. SOFTWARE & 3. E. TECHNOLOGY Computational lithography software, GAAFET ECAD software, and production technology for advanced semiconductor devices, microprocessors, and substrates.

Dual-Use List - Category 4: Computers

4. A. SYSTEMS, EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS

5. A. 1. Electronic computers rated for extreme temperatures or radiation hardened.

6. A. 3. Digital computers with Adjusted Peak Performance (APP) exceeding 70.0 Weighted TeraFLOPS (WT), aggregation electronic assemblies, and high-speed external interconnection equipment (>2.0 Gbyte/s).

7. A. 4. Systolic array computers, neural computers, and optical computers.

8. A. 5. Systems and equipment specially designed or modified for the generation, command and control, or delivery of intrusion software.

9. D. SOFTWARE & 4. E. TECHNOLOGY Software and technology for high-performance computing (APP > 24 WT) and development/command and control of intrusion software, with specific notes regarding vulnerability disclosure and cyber incident response.

Dual-Use List - Category 5: Telecommunications and Information Security

PART 1 - TELECOMMUNICATIONS 5. A. 1. Telecommunications systems designed for EMP/radiation resistance, underwater untethered communications, HF radio equipment, spread spectrum/frequency hopping systems, ultra-wideband modulation, digitally controlled receivers, optical fibers (>500 m), electronically steerable phased array antennas, mobile telecommunications interception/jamming, passive coherent location (PCL), counter-IED systems, and IP surveillance systems. 5. B. 1., 5. D. 1., 5. E. 1. Test equipment, software, and technology for telecommunications systems.

PART 2 - “INFORMATION SECURITY” 5. A. 2. Cryptographic systems and components employing symmetric algorithms (>56 bits), asymmetric algorithms (>512 bit factoring/discrete log, >112 bit elliptic curve, or post-quantum lattice/isogeny/code-based methods), cryptographic activation tokens, and quantum cryptography (QKD). 5. A. 3. Non-cryptographic information security systems (intrusion detection cable systems, TEMPEST emanation reduction). 5. A. 4. Systems for defeating, weakening, or bypassing information security (cryptanalytic equipment, raw data extraction tools). 5. D. 2. & 5. E. 2. Information security software, activation software, and development/production technology.

Dual-Use List - Category 6: Sensors and Lasers

6. A. SYSTEMS, EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS

7. A. 1. Acoustics: Marine acoustic seabed survey systems, sonar arrays, hydrophones, towed arrays, vector sensors, and acoustic correlation/Doppler logs.

8. A. 2. Optical Sensors: Space-qualified detectors, image intensifier tubes, focal plane arrays (FPAs), multispectral/monospectral imaging sensors, cryocoolers, and Read-Out Integrated Circuits (ROICs).

9. A. 3. Cameras: High-speed instrumentation cameras (streak, framing), video cameras, scanning cameras, and infrared imaging cameras.

10. A. 4. Optics: Deformable mirrors, lightweight mirrors, beam steering mirror stages, optical components (ZnSe, ZnS), space-qualified optical components, gimbals, and aspheric optical elements.

11. A. 5. Lasers: Continuous wave (CW) lasers, pulsed lasers, tunable lasers, semiconductor lasers/diodes/stacked arrays, chemical lasers, and fiber laser combiners/MLDs.

12. A. 6. Magnetic and Electric Field Sensors: SQUID, optically pumped, fluxgate, induction coil magnetometers, and magnetic gradiometers.

13. A. 7. Gravimeters and gravity gradiometers.

14. A. 8. Radar systems: Millimeter-wave radar (40-230 GHz), SAR/ISAR/SLAR, electronically scanned arrays, airborne Doppler radars, and LIDAR.

15. B. - 6. E. Production equipment, optical materials (tellurium, CdZnTe, non-linear optical crystals), software, and technology.

Dual-Use List - Category 7: Navigation and Avionics

7. A. SYSTEMS, EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS

8. A. 1. Linear and angular/rotational accelerometers.

9. A. 2. Gyros and angular rate sensors (low drift, small angle random walk).

10. A. 3. Inertial measurement equipment and systems (AHRS, IMUs, INS, IRUs) for aircraft, land vehicles, and vessels.

11. A. 4. Star trackers and attitude sensors.

12. A. 5. Satellite navigation system receiving equipment (GNSS receivers with decryption or adaptive antennas).

13. A. 6. Airborne altimeters.

14. A. 7. Underwater sonar navigation systems.

15. B. - 7. E. Test and production equipment (gyro test stations, coil winders), source code, CAD software, and technology for active flight control systems, fly-by-wire/fly-by-light systems, and helicopter rotor flight control.

Dual-Use List - Category 8: Marine

8. A. SYSTEMS, EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS

9. A. 1. Manned and unmanned submersible vehicles (tethered, untethered, autonomous, deep-depth >1,000 m) and ocean salvage systems.

10. A. 2. Marine systems and components: submersible pressure hulls (>1.5 m diameter), DC propulsion thrusters, automated vehicle control systems, underwater robots, articulated manipulators, air-independent propulsion (AIP) systems (Brayton, Rankine, Diesel, Fuel cell, Stirling), water-screw propellers, silent bearings, pumpjet propulsion, and rebreathers.

11. B. - 8. E. Water tunnels, syntactic foam materials, software, and technology for noise-reduced propellers and advanced high-speed surface craft (surface-effect vehicles, hydrofoils, small waterplane area vessels).

Dual-Use List - Category 9: Aerospace and Propulsion

9. A. SYSTEMS, EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS

10. A. 1. - 9. A. 3. Aero gas turbine engines, marine gas turbine engines, and turbine engine components.

11. A. 4. Space launch vehicles, spacecraft, spacecraft buses, mission equipment, sub-orbital craft, and launch ground support systems.

12. A. 5. - 9. A. 10. Rocket propulsion systems (liquid, solid, hybrid) and specially designed structures/components.

13. A. 11. Ramjet, scramjet, and combined cycle engines.

14. A. 12. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and unmanned airships.

15. B. - 9. E. Directional solidification and single-crystal casting equipment, real-time gas turbine control test systems, wind tunnels (>Mach 1.2, Mach 5 flow simulators), acoustic vibration test equipment, FADEC software/technology, and high-temperature turbine blade/combustor manufacturing technology.

Sensitive and Very Sensitive Lists

THE SENSITIVE LIST OF DUAL-USE GOODS AND TECHNOLOGIES: Identifies heightened-sensitivity items across Categories 1 through 9, including advanced composite materials, machine tools with repeatability ≤ 0.9 µm, high-power MMICs and discrete transistors, space-qualified atomic clocks, telecommunications interception/jamming/IED gear, acoustic hydrophone systems, infrared focal plane arrays, military-grade radar, submersibles, ramjet engines, and single-crystal turbine blade technologies.

THE VERY SENSITIVE LIST OF DUAL-USE GOODS AND TECHNOLOGIES: Defines the highest-tier dual-use items subject to extreme scrutiny, including specific radar-absorbing materials, Category 5 Part 1 C-IED technologies and specialized software/technology, ultra-low frequency active sonar arrays, deep-submergence unmanned submersibles, and specialized aerospace propulsion technology.

Munitions List (ML1 to ML22)

Controls conventional weapons, munitions, and military equipment:

• ML1 - ML2: Small arms, smooth-bore weapons (calibres <20 mm and ≥20 mm), automatic weapons, projectors, and military accessories.
• ML3: Ammunition, submunitions, and fuze setting devices.
• ML4: Bombs, torpedoes, rockets, missiles, IED equipment, and aircraft missile protection systems (AMPS).
• ML5: Military fire control, surveillance, warning, tracking, and countermeasure systems.
• ML6: Military ground vehicles, all-wheel drive armored vehicles (GVWR >4,500 kg), and components.
• ML7: Chemical warfare (CW) agents (nerve, vesicant, incapacitating), biological agents, riot control agents, precursors, protective/detection gear, and biocatalysts.
• ML8: Energetic materials, military explosives (RDX, HMX, CL-20, TATB, FOX-7), propellants, pyrotechnics, and additives.
• ML9: Vessels of war, combat naval equipment, submarine diesel/electric/AIP propulsion, and naval nuclear propulsion.
• ML10: Combat aircraft, military UAVs, aero-engines, airborne refuelling equipment, and military parachutes.
• ML11: Military electronic equipment, automated command and control systems (C2), military satellite navigation jamming, and military spacecraft.
• ML12: High-velocity kinetic energy weapon systems.
• ML13: Military armored plate, combat helmets, body armour (NIJ Level III and above).
• ML14: Military training equipment and simulators.
• ML15: Military imaging equipment (thermal, image intensifiers) and countermeasures.
• ML16: Military forgings and castings.
• ML17: Miscellaneous military equipment (combat engineering, EMP-hardened robots, military fuel cells/reactors).
• ML18: Military production and environmental test facilities.
• ML19: Directed Energy Weapon (DEW) systems (lasers, particle beams, high-power RF, blinding lasers).
• ML20: Military cryogenic and superconductive equipment.
• ML21: Military software (weapon simulation, C4I applications, offensive cyber operations software).
• ML22: Production, development, and maintenance technology for items on the Munitions List.

Definitions, Acronyms, and Statements of Understanding

DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED IN THESE LISTS: Alphabetical definitions defining technical scope for terms enclosed in quotation marks (e.g., “Accuracy”, “Aircraft”, “Asymmetric algorithm”, “Cryptography”, “FADEC Systems”, “Intrusion software”, “Laser”, “Superconductive”, “Technology”, “Unmanned aerial vehicle”).

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS: Glossary of technical abbreviations used across lists (e.g., ADC, CMM, EUV, FADEC, GAAFET, HEMT, IED, MMIC, QKD, SQUID, UAV).

STATEMENTS OF UNDERSTANDING AND VALIDITY NOTES: Interpretive guidelines regarding intangible transfers of software/technology via electronic media, illustrative lists, pharmaceutical exemptions under ML8, military classification of aircraft under ML10, medical equipment exemptions, and validity dates for specific controls.