Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls for Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies - PUBLIC DOCUMENTS - Volume II - List of Dual-Use Goods and Technologies and Munitions List

Summary

This document outlines the multilateral export control regulations established under the Wassenaar Arrangement for dual-use goods, technologies, and conventional munitions. It details specific technical parameters, classification criteria, sensitive lists, munitions items, and definitions agreed upon by participating states to promote transparency and international security.

Title Page

Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls for Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies PUBLIC DOCUMENTS Volume II List of Dual-Use Goods and Technologies and Munitions List Compiled by the Wassenaar Arrangement Secretariat 2025 Corr.*

• This Corrigendum is issued to reinsert the reference to ML7.d. in ML7.e.1., which had been inadvertently deleted.

Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF DUAL-USE GOODS AND TECHNOLOGIES

• General Technology, General Software and General “Information Security” Notes: Page 3
• Category 1 Special Materials and Related Equipment: Page 4
• Category 2 Materials Processing: Page 25
• Category 3 Electronics: Page 50
• Category 4 Computers: Page 78
• Category 5 - Part 1 Telecommunications: Page 84
• Category 5 - Part 2 “Information Security”: Page 93
• Category 6 Sensors and “Lasers”: Page 101
• Category 7 Navigation and Avionics: Page 141
• Category 8 Marine: Page 150
• Category 9 Aerospace and Propulsion: Page 157
• Sensitive List: Page 170
• Very Sensitive List: Page 178

MUNITIONS LIST

• General Notes: Page 181
• Items 1 to 22: Page 181

DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED IN THESE LISTS: Page 215 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THESE LISTS: Page 235 STATEMENTS OF UNDERSTANDING AND VALIDITY NOTES: Page 239

These Lists reflect the agreements recorded in Appendix 5 to the Initial Elements, dated 19 December 1995, and all subsequent amendments, including those approved by the Plenary in 2025.

Dual-Use List - General Notes

DUAL-USE LIST

Note 1: Terms in “quotations” are defined terms. Refer to ‘Definitions of Terms used in these Lists’ annexed to this List. Note 2: In some instances chemicals are listed by name and Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) number. The list applies to chemicals of the same structural formula (including hydrates) regardless of name or CAS number. CAS numbers are shown to assist in identifying a particular chemical or mixture, irrespective of nomenclature. CAS numbers cannot be used as unique identifiers because some forms of the listed chemical have different CAS numbers, and mixtures containing a listed chemical may also have different CAS numbers.

GENERAL TECHNOLOGY NOTE The export of “technology” which is “required” for the “development”, “production” or “use” of items controlled in the Dual-Use List is controlled according to the provisions in each Category. This “technology” remains under control even when applicable to any uncontrolled item. Controls do not apply to that “technology” which is the minimum necessary for the installation, operation, maintenance (checking) or repair of those items which are not controlled or whose export has been authorised. Note: This does not release such “technology” controlled in entries 1.E.2.e. & 1.E.2.f. and 8.E.2.a. & 8.E.2.b. Controls do not apply to “technology” “in the public domain”, to “basic scientific research” or to the minimum necessary information for patent applications.

GENERAL SOFTWARE NOTE The Lists do not control “software” which is any of the following:

1. Generally available to the public by being: a. Sold from stock at retail selling points without restriction, by means of:
   1. Over-the-counter transactions;
   2. Mail order transactions;
   3. Electronic transactions; or
   4. Telephone call transactions; and b. Designed for installation by the user without further substantial support by the supplier; Note: Entry 1 of the General Software Note does not release “software” controlled by Category 5 - Part 2 (“Information Security”).
2. “In the public domain”; or
3. The minimum necessary “object code” for the installation, operation, maintenance (checking) or repair of those items whose export has been authorised. Note: Entry 3 of the General Software Note does not release “software” controlled by Category 5 - Part 2 (“Information Security”).

GENERAL “INFORMATION SECURITY” NOTE “Information security” items or functions should be considered against the provisions in Category 5 - Part 2, even if they are components, “software” or functions of other items.

Dual-Use List - Category 1: Special Materials and Related Equipment

CATEGORY 1 - SPECIAL MATERIALS AND RELATED EQUIPMENT

1. A. SYSTEMS, EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS

• 1.A.1. Components made from fluorinated compounds (seals, gaskets, fuel bladders specially designed for aircraft/aerospace).
• 1.A.2. “Composite” structures or laminates made from organic, metal, or carbon matrices.
• 1.A.3. Manufactures of non-”fusible” aromatic polyimides.
• 1.A.4. Protective and detection equipment and components not specially designed for military use (gas masks, protective suits, CBRN detection systems, explosives trace detection).
• 1.A.5. Body armour and components (soft body armour, hard body armour plates equal to or less than NIJ level IIIA).
• 1.A.6. Equipment for disposal of Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) including ROVs and disruptors.
• 1.A.7. Initiation equipment and electrically driven detonators (EB, EBW, Slapper, EFI).
• 1.A.8. Shaped charges, linear cutting charges, detonating cords, and severing tools.

1. B. TEST, INSPECTION AND PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT

• 1.B.1. Filament winding, tape-laying, weaving, and tow-placement machines for composite production.
• 1.B.2. Metal alloy powder production equipment.
• 1.B.3. Tools, dies, and moulds for superplastic forming or diffusion bonding titanium/aluminium.

1. C. MATERIALS

• 1.C.1. Materials specially designed for absorbing electromagnetic radiation or intrinsically conductive polymers.
• 1.C.2. Metal alloys, metal alloy powders (nickel, niobium, titanium, aluminium, magnesium aluminides/alloys).
• 1.C.3. Magnetic metals and magnetostrictive alloys.
• 1.C.4. Uranium titanium alloys or tungsten alloys.
• 1.C.5. “Superconductive” “composite” conductors.
• 1.C.6. Fluids and lubricating materials.
• 1.C.7. Ceramic powders, ceramic-”matrix” composites, and precursor materials.
• 1.C.8. Non-fluorinated polymeric substances (bismaleimides, PAI, polyimides).
• 1.C.9. Unprocessed fluorinated compounds.
• 1.C.10. “Fibrous or filamentary materials” (carbon, aramid, glass, ceramic fibres).
• 1.C.11. Metals and compounds (zirconium, magnesium, boron, guanidine nitrate).
• 1.C.12. Plutonium-238 and Neptunium-237.

1. D. SOFTWARE & 1. E. TECHNOLOGY

• Software and technology for development, production, and repair of Category 1 equipment and materials.
• Includes Annex listing controlled “Explosives” (items 1 to 52, e.g., CL-20, FOX-7, HMX, RDX, TATB, TATP, PETN, etc.).

Dual-Use List - Category 2: Materials Processing

CATEGORY 2 – MATERIALS PROCESSING

2. A. SYSTEMS, EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS

• 2.A.1. Anti-friction bearings (ISO 492 Class 4/2, monel/beryllium) and active magnetic bearing systems.

2. B. TEST, INSPECTION AND PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT

• 2.B.1. Machine tools for turning, milling, grinding, EDM, laser/waterjet cutting.
• 2.B.2. Numerically controlled optical finishing machine tools (MRF, ERF, energetic particle beam, etc.).
• 2.B.3. Gear manufacturing machine tools.
• 2.B.4. Hot ‘isostatic presses’.
• 2.B.5. Coating equipment for inorganic overlays (CVD, PVD, ion implantation, plasma spray, sputter deposition).
• 2.B.6. Dimensional inspection/measuring systems (CMM, laser interferometers, position encoders).
• 2.B.7. “Robots” (explosive-resistant, radiation-hardened >5x10^3 Gy, altitude >30,000 m).
• 2.B.8. Compound rotary tables and tilting spindles.
• 2.B.9. Spin-forming and flow-forming machines.

2. D. SOFTWARE & 2. E. TECHNOLOGY

• Software for numerical control units and CAD/CAM data conversion.
• Technology for tool design, superplastic forming, diffusion bonding, and inorganic coating deposition techniques (detailed in Deposition Techniques Table and Statement of Understanding).

Dual-Use List - Category 3: Electronics

CATEGORY 3 - ELECTRONICS

3. A. SYSTEMS, EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS

• 3.A.1. Integrated circuits (radiation-hardened, temperature-rated, high-speed compound semiconductor microprocessors, ADCs, DACs, FPGAs/CPLDs, neural network ICs, custom ICs, FFT processors, DDS).
• Microwave and millimetre wave items (vacuum electronic devices/TWTs, MMIC amplifiers, discrete transistors, MPMs, frequency synthesizers, transmit/receive modules).
• Acoustic wave devices (SAW, BAW, acousto-optic).
• Superconductive devices, primary/secondary high-energy cells, high-energy storage capacitors, superconducting electromagnets, space-qualified solar cells, solid-state pulsed power switching thyristors, and power semiconductor switches.
• 3.A.2. General purpose electronic equipment: digital data recorders, real-time oscilloscopes (>90 GHz), signal analysers (>110 GHz, real-time bandwidth >520 MHz), signal generators, network analysers, atomic frequency standards.
• 3.A.3. Spray cooling thermal management systems.

3. B. TEST, INSPECTION AND PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT

• Epitaxial growth equipment (ALE, MOCVD, MBE), ion implantation, multi-chamber wafer handling, lithography equipment (EUV, DUV <193 nm, nano-imprint, mask making, direct write).

3. C. MATERIALS

• Hetero-epitaxial substrates (Si, Ge, SiC, GaN, Ga2O3, diamond), photoresists, organo-metallic compounds, high resistivity substrates.

3. D. SOFTWARE & 3. E. TECHNOLOGY

• Software for EDA/ECAD (GAAFET design tools), computational lithography, and production tools.
• Technology for microprocessors, GAAFET, HEMT, HBT, superconductive devices, and 300 mm wafer processing.

Dual-Use List - Category 4: Computers

CATEGORY 4 - COMPUTERS

4. A. SYSTEMS, EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS

• 4.A.1. Electronic computers rated for extreme temperatures (< -45°C or > 85°C) or radiation-hardened.
• 4.A.3. “Digital computers” and assemblies having Adjusted Peak Performance (APP) exceeding 70.0 Weighted TeraFLOPS (WT); external interconnection equipment > 2.0 Gbyte/s per link.
• 4.A.4. Systolic array computers, neural computers, optical computers.
• 4.A.5. Systems, equipment, and components specially designed or modified for the generation, command and control, or delivery of “intrusion software”.

4. D. SOFTWARE & 4. E. TECHNOLOGY

• 4.D.1. Software for development/production of computers exceeding 24 WT.
• 4.D.4. Software specially designed/modified for generation, C2, or delivery of intrusion software.
• 4.E.1. Technology for development, production, or use of controlled computers, and development of intrusion software (excluding vulnerability disclosure and cyber incident response).
• Technical Note detailing Adjusted Peak Performance (APP) calculation methodology.

Dual-Use List - Category 5: Telecommunications and Information Security

CATEGORY 5 – TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND “INFORMATION SECURITY”

PART 1 - TELECOMMUNICATIONS:

• 5.A.1. Radiation-hardened/temperature-rated equipment, underwater untethered systems, radio equipment (spread spectrum, ultra-wideband, fast channel switching receivers), optical fibres (>500 m, proof test >=2x10^9 N/m^2), phased array antennae (>31.8 GHz), radio direction finding, mobile interception/jamming equipment (IMSI catchers, RAN jamming), PCL systems, counter-IED equipment, IP network communications surveillance systems (carrier-class DPI, Layer 7 analysis, metadata/content extraction, graph analysis/hard selectors).
• 5.B.1 / 5.D.1 / 5.E.1. Test equipment, software (including law enforcement monitoring/analysis software), and technology.

PART 2 - “INFORMATION SECURITY”:

• 5.A.2. Cryptographic systems/equipment using symmetric algorithms (>56 bits), asymmetric algorithms (>512 bit factoring/discrete log, >112 bit elliptic curve, post-quantum/lattice/isogeny/code-based), quantum key distribution (QKD), cryptographic activation tokens.
• 5.A.3. Non-cryptographic information security (intrusion detection on cables, TEMPEST emanation reduction).
• 5.A.4. Systems for defeating, weakening, or bypassing information security: cryptanalytic systems, raw data extraction tools circumventing authentication/authorization.
• Cryptography Note (Note 3): Mass market carve-outs.
• 5.B.2 / 5.D.2 / 5.E.2. Security testing equipment, software, and technology.

Dual-Use List - Category 6: Sensors and Lasers

CATEGORY 6 – SENSORS AND “LASERS”

6. A. SYSTEMS, EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS

• 6.A.1. Acoustics: Marine survey sonars (multibeam, sidescan, SAS), active/passive hydrophones and towed arrays, ocean-bottom cables, vector sensors, Doppler sonar logs.
• 6.A.2. Optical Sensors: Space-qualified solid-state detectors, image intensifier tubes (Gen II/III), non-space-qualified focal plane arrays (FPA), ROICs, multispectral/hyperspectral sensors, cryocoolers.
• 6.A.3. Cameras: High-speed framing/streak cameras, digital video/scanning cameras, thermal imaging cameras.
• 6.A.4. Optics: Deformable/adaptive mirrors, lightweight monolithic mirrors, beam steering mirror stages, gimbals, aspheric optical elements.
• 6.A.5. Lasers: CW lasers, pulsed lasers, tunable lasers, semiconductor laser bars/stacks, CO/CO2 lasers, excimer lasers, chemical lasers (HF, DF, COIL), fiber laser combiners.
• 6.A.6. Magnetometers, magnetic gradiometers, underwater electric field sensors.
• 6.A.7. Gravimeters and gravity gradiometers.
• 6.A.8. Radar systems: Millimeter wave radar, SAR/ISAR/SLAR, phased arrays, airborne moving target Doppler radars, LIDAR/laser radars.

6. B. / 6. C. / 6. D. / 6. E. TEST, MATERIALS, SOFTWARE, TECHNOLOGY

• Optical fabrication/test equipment, telluride crystal materials, optical blank substrates, beam-forming software, and laser manufacturing technologies.

Dual-Use List - Category 7: Navigation and Avionics

CATEGORY 7 – NAVIGATION AND AVIONICS

7. A. SYSTEMS, EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS

• 7.A.1. Accelerometers: High-accuracy linear accelerometers (<130 micro g bias stability) and angular accelerometers (>100 g).
• 7.A.2. Gyros: High-stability gyroscopes/angular rate sensors (bias stability <0.5 deg/hr, angle random walk <=0.0035 deg/sqrt(hr)).
• 7.A.3. Inertial measurement units (IMUs), INS, AHRS (accuracy <=0.8 nm/hr CEP).
• 7.A.4. Star trackers (accuracy <=20 arcsec).
• 7.A.5. GNSS/satellite navigation receiving equipment (military decryption ranging codes, adaptive null-steering antennas).
• 7.A.6. Airborne altimeters (power management, phase shift keying).
• 7.A.8. Underwater sonar navigation systems.

7. B. / 7. D. / 7. E. TEST, SOFTWARE, TECHNOLOGY

• Test benches, source code for INS/AHRS, flight control CAD software, fly-by-wire/fly-by-light flight control system development technology.

Dual-Use List - Category 8: Marine

CATEGORY 8 – MARINE

8. A. SYSTEMS, EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS

• 8.A.1. Manned and unmanned submersibles (tethered/untethered operating >1,000 m depth, autonomous navigation, ocean salvage systems >5 MN).
• 8.A.2. Underwater components: Deep pressure housings (>1.5 m diameter), DC thrusters, fibre-optic penetrators/umbilicals, underwater robotic manipulators, air-independent power (AIP) systems (Brayton, Rankine, Diesel, Fuel Cell, Stirling), high-power propulsion systems, pumpjets, diver rebreathers, acoustic diver deterrent systems.

8. B. / 8. C. / 8. D. / 8. E. TEST, MATERIALS, SOFTWARE, TECHNOLOGY

• Low-noise water tunnels, syntactic foam, propeller design software, and surface-effect/hydrofoil vessel technologies.

Dual-Use List - Category 9: Aerospace and Propulsion

CATEGORY 9 – AEROSPACE AND PROPULSION

9. A. SYSTEMS, EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS

• 9.A.1. Aero gas turbine engines.
• 9.A.2. Marine gas turbine engines (>24,245 kW).
• 9.A.4. Space launch vehicles, spacecraft, spacecraft buses, payload equipment, sub-orbital craft.
• 9.A.5 - 9.A.10. Rocket propulsion systems (liquid, solid, hybrid), rocket motor cases, thrust chambers, thrust vector control systems.
• 9.A.11. Ramjet, scramjet, combined cycle engines.
• 9.A.12. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and airships.

9. B. / 9. D. / 9. E. TEST, SOFTWARE, TECHNOLOGY

• Directional-solidification/single-crystal casting equipment, supersonic/hypersonic wind tunnels (>Mach 1.2, >Mach 5), FADEC software/technology, aerodynamic modelling software, turbine blade cooling hole drilling technology.

Sensitive and Very Sensitive Lists of Dual-Use Goods and Technologies

SENSITIVE AND VERY SENSITIVE LISTS

• Highlights subset of dual-use goods subject to stricter reporting and review by Participating States.
• Category 1: Advanced composite structures, radar absorbing materials, nuclear heat sources (Pu-238, Np-237).
• Category 2: Ultra-precision machine tools (repeatability <=0.9 µm), advanced software.
• Category 3: High-power MMICs, discrete microwave transistors, space-qualified atomic standards.
• Category 4: Radiation-hardened computers.
• Category 5: Spread spectrum, counter-IED, intercept software, deep packet inspection systems.
• Category 6: Low-frequency active/passive sonar arrays, high-sensitivity hydrophones, advanced focal plane arrays, space-qualified LIDAR, high-resolution radar.
• Category 7: High-precision inertial systems, fly-by-wire source code.
• Category 8: Deep submersibles, AIP systems, active noise reduction systems.
• Category 9: Hypersonic ramjets/scramjets, single-crystal casting equipment, high-temperature turbine blade technologies.

Munitions List (ML1 - ML22)

MUNITIONS LIST

• ML1: Small arms and automatic weapons (calibre <=12.7 mm / <20 mm smooth-bore), accessories (silencers, magazines, sights).
• ML2: Large calibre weapons (>=20 mm, >12.7 mm), howitzers, cannons, mortars, flame throwers, military smoke/gas projectors.
• ML3: Ammunition and fuze setting devices, submunitions.
• ML4: Bombs, torpedoes, rockets, missiles, IED equipment, military aircraft missile protection systems (AMPS).
• ML5: Fire control, surveillance, target acquisition, countermeasure, and alignment equipment.
• ML6: Military ground vehicles, armoured vehicles, all-wheel-drive armoured vehicles (>4,500 kg GVWR, NIJ Level III).
• ML7: Chemical agents (nerve, vesicant, incapacitating, defoliant), biological agents, radioactive materials, riot control agents, CBRN protection/detection, biocatalysts, precursors.
• ML8: Energetic materials, military explosives (CL-20, RDX, HMX, TATB), propellants, pyrotechnics, fuel additives, binders, precursors, reactive materials.
• ML9: Naval vessels of war, submarine electric motors (>0.75 MW), non-magnetic diesels, submarine AIP, quiet bearings, naval nuclear propulsion.
• ML10: Military aircraft, UAVs, military aero-engines, airborne refuelling, parachutes, sub-orbital craft.
• ML11: Military electronic equipment, EW/ECM/ECCM, SIGINT/COMINT, crypto equipment, automated C2 systems, GPS jamming, military spacecraft.
• ML12: Kinetic energy weapon systems (railguns, coilguns, light gas guns).
• ML13: Armoured plate, body armour (NIJ Level III or higher), military helmets.
• ML14: Military training equipment and simulators.
• ML15: Military imaging and countermeasure equipment (thermal imaging, night vision, military radars).
• ML16: Military forgings and castings.
• ML17: Miscellaneous military equipment (combat engineering, EMP-hardened robots, signature suppression, mobile repair shops, nuclear reactor simulators).
• ML18: Military production equipment and environmental test facilities.
• ML19: Directed Energy Weapons (DEW) (high power lasers, particle beams, high power RF, blinding lasers).
• ML20: Military cryogenic and superconductive equipment.
• ML21: Military software (C4I, weapon simulation, offensive cyber operations software).
• ML22: Military technology for development and production.

Definitions of Terms Used in These Lists

DEFINITIONS OF TERMS

Alphabetical glossary defining terms across all categories:

• “Accuracy”, “Active flight control systems”, “Active pixel”, “Aircraft”, “Airship”, “Allocated by the ITU”, “Angle random walk”, “Asymmetric algorithm”, “Authentication”, “Average output power”, “Basic scientific research”, “Bias”, “Biocatalysts”, “Biological agents”, “Charge multiplication”, “Circuit element”, “Circular Error Probable” (“CEP”), “Circulation-controlled anti-torque”, “Civil aircraft”, “Compensation systems”, “Composite”, “III/V compounds”, “Contouring control”, “Critical temperature”, “Cryptographic activation”, “Cryptography”, “CW Laser”, “Cyber incident response”, “Data device”, “Data-Based Referenced Navigation” (“DBRN”), “Development”, “Diffusion bonding”, “Digital computer”, “Digital transfer rate”, “Electronic assembly”, “End-effectors”, “Energetic materials”, “Equivalent density”, “Equivalent standards”, “Explosives”, “FADEC Systems”, “Fibrous or filamentary materials”, “First generation image intensifier tubes”, “Fly-by-light / Fly-by-wire”, “Focal plane array”, “Fractional bandwidth”, “Frequency hopping”, “Frequency switching time”, “Fuel cell”, “Fusible”, “GAAFET”, “Hard selectors”, “High output diesel engines”, “Hybrid integrated circuit”, “Image enhancement”, “Information security”, “Instantaneous bandwidth”, “Interleaved ADC”, “In the public domain”, “Intrusion software”, “Laser”, “Library”, “Lighter-than-air vehicles”, “Local area network”, “Magnetic gradiometers”, “Magnetometers”, “Maintenance Level I / II”, “Matrix”, “Microcomputer / Microprocessor microcircuit”, “Monolithic integrated circuit”, “MMIC”, “Monospectral / Multispectral imaging sensors”, “Non-repetitive pulsed”, “Nuclear reactor”, “Numerical control”, “Object code”, “Operations, Administration or Maintenance” (“OAM”), “Optical integrated circuit”, “Peak power”, “Personal area network”, “Precursors”, “Principal element”, “Production”, “Program”, “Propellants”, “Pulse compression”, “Pulse duration”, “Pyrotechnic(s)”, “Quantum cryptography”, “Radar spread spectrum”, “Radiant sensitivity”, “Real-time processing”, “Repeatability”, “Required”, “Riot Control Agents” (“RCAs”), “Robot”, “Sample rate”, “Satellite”, “Satellite navigation system”, “Scale factor”, “Signal analysers”, “Signal processing”, “Software”, “Source code”, “Spacecraft”, “Spacecraft bus / mission equipment”, “Space probe”, “Space vehicle”, “Space-qualified”, “Specific modulus / tensile strength”, “Spinning mass gyros”, “Spread spectrum”, “Stability”, “Steady state mode”, “Strong mechanical bond”, “Sub-orbital craft”, “Substrate / Substrate blanks”, “Superalloy”, “Superconductive”, “Super High Power Laser” (“SHPL”), “Superplastic forming”, “Technology”, “Tilting spindle”, “Time constant”, “Tip shroud”, “Total control of flight”, “Total digital transfer rate”, “Tunable”, “Unidirectional positioning repeatability”, “Unmanned aerial vehicle” (“UAV”), “Use”, “User-accessible programmability”, “Vacuum electronic devices”, “Vulnerability disclosure”, “Wall-plug efficiency”.

Acronyms, Abbreviations, Statements of Understanding and Validity Notes

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS & STATEMENTS OF UNDERSTANDING

• Comprehensive list of acronyms from ADC to 3GPP TS.
• Statements of Understanding regarding:
  • Intangible Transfers of Software and Technology (controls apply regardless of media, electronic transfer, fax, phone).
  • Terms like ‘including’, ‘includes’, ‘such as’, ‘e.g.’ are illustrative.
  • Pharmaceutical exclusion under ML8.
  • General Technology Note and General Software Note interpretations.
  • Source code controls and civil medical equipment exclusions.
  • Specific validity notes (e.g., 9.E.3.a.2.e. valid until 31 December 2027).