LMJ PETAL User Guide

Summary

This User Guide provides comprehensive technical references, system architectures, diagnostic configurations, operational capabilities, and submission procedures for academic and defense researchers conducting High Energy Density Physics (HEDP) and Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) experiments on the Laser MegaJoule (LMJ) and PETAL (PETAwatt Aquitaine Laser) facility at CEA-CESTA in France.

Cover / Title Page

DE LA RECHERCHE À L’INDUSTRIE cea dam

LMJ - Laser MegaJoule PETAL - PETAwatt Aquitaine Laser

User Guide

Version 1.3. Release April 2017 Updated version available at http://www-lmj.cea.fr/en/ForUsers CEA-DAM Île-de-France, Bruyères-le-Châtel, F-91297 Arpajon Cedex, France CEA-CESTA, 15 avenue des Sablières, CS 60001, F-33116 Le Barp Cedex, France

Page 2 - Front Matter

Front page picture : Antennae Galaxies ESA/Hubble CEA/DAM ♦ LMJ-PETAL User Guide

Disclaimer

This document describes the status of the LMJ-PETAL facility and provides the necessary technical references to researchers intending to perform experiments on LMJ-PETAL.

Some devices presented in this document are under development; the data given here, concerning their characteristics, correspond to the specifications. Some small differences could exist between the specification and the realization.

All the presented devices should be available at the beginning of 2019, but some delays are possible.

The performance obtained by the facility so far, and reported in this document, do not commit the future performance.

Contents

I- Introduction … 1 II- LMJ-PETAL Overview … 2 III- Policies and Access to CEA-CESTA and LMJ facility … 4 III.1- Driving Directions and Accommodations… 4 III.2- Office Space at ILP Campus and Computer Access … 5 III.3- CEA-CESTA Access and Regulations … 5 III.4- Confidentiality Rules … 5 III.5- Selection Process … 6 III.6- Experimental Process … 7 III.7- Responsibilities during Shot Cycle … 8 III.8- Access to LMJ-PETAL during Shots … 8 III.9- Data Access … 9 III.10- Publications and Authorship Practices … 9 III.11- Calls for Proposals History …10 IV- LMJ Building Description …11 V- LMJ Laser System …12 V.1- Laser Architecture …12 V.2- LMJ Frequency Conversion and Focusing Scheme …15 V.3- Beam Smoothing …16 V.4- Spot Sizes …16 V.5- Energy and Power …17 V.6- Pulse Shaping Capabilities …17 V.7- LMJ Performance …20 VI- PETAL …21 VI.1- Laser System …21 VI.2- PETAL Performance …23 VII- Target Area and Associated Equipment …24 VIII- LMJ Diagnostics …28 VIII.1- X-ray Imagers …29 VIII.1.1 - GXI-1, Gated X-ray Imager (high resolution) …30 VIII.1.2 - GXI-2, Gated X-ray Imager (medium resolution) …31 VIII.1.3 - SHXI, Streaked Hard X-ray Imager (medium resolution) …32 VIII.1.4 – SSXI, Streaked Soft X-ray Imager (high resolution) …33 VIII.1.5 - UPXI and LPXI, Upper and Lower Polar X-ray imagers …34 VIII.1.6 – ERHXI, Enhanced Resolution Hard X-ray Imager …35 VIII.2- X-ray Spectrometers …36 VIII.2.1 – DMX, Broad-band X-ray Spectrometer …37 VIII.2.2 - Mini-DMX, Broad-band X-ray Spectrometer …38 VIII.2.3 – HRXS, High Resolution X-ray Spectrometer …38 VIII.2.4 – SPECTIX, Hard X-ray Spectrometer …39 VIII.3- Optical Diagnostics …40 VIII.3.1 - EOS Pack …40 VIII.3.2 – FABS, Full Aperture Backscatter System …41 VIII.3.4 – NBI, Near Backscatter Imager …42 VIII.4- Particles Diagnostics …44 VIII.4.1 - Neutron Pack …44 VIII.4.2 – SEPAGE, Electron and Proton Spectrometer …45 VIII.4.3 – SESAME, Electron Spectrometer …46 VIII.5- Diagnostics in Conceptual Design Phase …46 IX- Experimental Configuration for 2019 …47 IX.1- Laser Beams Characteristics …47 IX.2- Target Bay Equipment …47 X- Targets …48 X.1- Assembly and Metrology Process …48 X.2- LMJ-PETAL Target Alignment Process …48 XI- References …50 XII- Acknowledgements …52 XIII- Glossary …53 XIV- Appendix …55 XV- Revision Log …56

Section I - Introduction

I- Introduction

The Military Applications Division of the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA-DAM) has promoted for several decades collaboration with national and international scientific communities [1-31]. Regarding laser facilities, according to the decision of the French Ministry of Defense, the CEA-DAM has given access to the scientific communities to the LIL facility, the prototype of Laser Megajoule (LMJ), for a period of 9 years since 2005 until 2014. Ten types of experimental campaigns and a total of one hundred laser shots on targets in collaboration have been performed on the LIL during this period [32-37]. With the LMJ [38] and PETAL facilities [39], the CEA-DAM is once again in a position to welcome national and international teams, in perfect accordance with its legal obligations to confidentiality.

Figure I.1 : LIL and LMJ aerial view (LIL, LMJ)

The Laser Megajoule is part of the French “Simulation Program” developed by the CEA-DAM. The Simulation program aims to improve the theoretical models and data used in various domains of physics, by means of high performance numerical simulations and experimental validations.

LMJ offers unique capabilities for the Simulation Program, providing an extraordinary instrument to study High Energy Density Physics (HEDP) and Basic Science. A large panel of experiments will be done on LMJ to study physical processes at temperatures from 100 eV to 100 keV, and pressures from 1 Mbar to 100 Gbar. Among these experiments, Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) is the most exciting challenge, since ICF experiments set the most stringent specifications on LMJ’s attributes [40, 41].

The PETAL project consists in the addition of one high-energy multi-Petawatt beam to LMJ. This project has been performed by the CEA under the financial auspices of the Aquitaine Region (“maître d’ouvrage”, project owner), of the French Government and of the European Union. PETAL provides a combination of a very high intensity beam, synchronized with the very high energy beams of LMJ. LMJ-PETAL is an exceptional tool for academic research, offering the opportunity to study matter in extreme conditions.

LMJ-PETAL is open to the academic communities, as the previously mentioned LIL. The academic access to LMJ-PETAL and the selection of the proposals for experiments is done by Institut Laser & Plasmas (ILP) through the PETAL international Scientific Advisory Committee.

This document provides the necessary technical references to researchers for the writing of Letter of Intent (LOI) of experimental proposals to be performed on LMJ-PETAL. Regularly updated version of this LMJ-PETAL User guide will be available on LMJ website at http://www-lmj.cea.fr/en/ForUsers.

Section II - LMJ-PETAL Overview

II- LMJ-PETAL Overview

LMJ is now under commissioning at CEA-CESTA at a stage of 176 beams (44 quads). LMJ is a flashlamp-pumped neodymium-doped glass laser (1.053 µm wavelength) configured in a multi-pass power amplifier system. The 1.053 µm light is frequency converted to the third harmonic (0.351 µm) and focused, by means of gratings, on a target at the center of the target chamber. LMJ will deliver shaped pulses from 0.7 ns to 25 ns with a maximum energy of 1.5 MJ and a maximum power of 400 TW of UV light on the target.

The main building includes four similar laser bays, 128-meter long, situated in pairs on each side of the central target bay of 60-meter diameter and 38-meter height.

The 176 square 37 x 35.6 cm² beams are grouped into 22 bundles of 8 beams. In the switchyards, each individual bundle is divided into two quads of 4 beams, the basic independent unit for experiments, which are directed to the upper and lower hemispheres of the chamber.

Figure II.1: Schematic view of the Laser Megajoule showing the main elements of the laser system (Power conditioning modules, Pre-Amplifier Modules, Diagnostics rooms, PETAL beamline, Target chamber, Switchyards, Spatial filters, 4-pass Amplifiers, Deformable mirror, Control room).

At the center of the target bay, the target chamber consists of a 10-meter diameter aluminum sphere, equipped with two hundred ports for the injection of the laser beams, the location of diagnostics and target holders. It is a 10 cm-thick aluminum sphere covered with a neutron shielding made of 40 cm thick borated concrete. The inside is covered by protection panels for X-ray and debris.

LMJ is configured to operate in the “indirect drive” scheme, which drives the laser beams into cones in the upper and lower hemispheres of the target chamber. Forty quads enter the target chamber through ports that are located on two cones at 33.2° and 49° polar angles. Four other quads enter the target chamber at 59.5° polar angle, and will be dedicated to radiographic purpose.

The 44 laser beam ports include the final optics assembly: vacuum windows, debris shields and device to check the damages on optics.

Many pieces of equipment are required in the target area: • a Reference Holder (RH) is used for the alignment of all beams, diagnostics and target, • a Target Positioning Systems (TPS) for room temperature experiments is operational, • a cryogenic TPS for ignition target will be installed later, • a set of visualization stations for target positioning (SOPAC stations, as System for Optical Positioning and Alignment inside Chamber), • a set of about ten diagnostics manipulators, called Systems for Insertion of Diagnostic (SID), will be installed, they will position 150-kg diagnostic with a 50-µm precision.

The PETAL project consists in the addition of one short-pulse (500 fs to 10 ps) ultra-high-power, high-energy beam (few kJ) to LMJ. PETAL offers a combination of a very high intensity multi-petawatt beam, synchronized with the nanosecond beams of LMJ. PETAL expands the LMJ experimental field on HEDP.

The PETAL design is based on the Chirped Pulse Amplification (CPA) technique combined with Optical Parametric Amplification (OPA). Furthermore, it takes the benefits of the laser developments made for the high-energy LMJ facility allowing it to reach the kilojoule level.

Over 30 photon and particle diagnostics are considered with high spatial, temporal and spectral resolution in the optical, X-ray, and nuclear domains. Beside classical diagnostics, specific diagnostics adapted to PETAL capacities are available in order to characterize particles and radiation yields that can be created by PETAL [42, 43]. The set of equipment, delivered in 2016 and 2017, has been specified by the academic community in the framework of the PETAL+ project and is developed by the CEA. It consists of: one spectrometer for charged particles (SEPAGE), two electron spectrometers (SESAME), one hard X-ray spectrometer (SPECTIX) and three diagnostics manipulators (SID).

The first CEA-DAM physics experiments on LMJ have been performed in October 2014 with a limited number of beams and diagnostics. The operational capabilities (number of beams and plasma diagnostics) will increase gradually during the following years. The first academic experiments on LMJ-PETAL are performed in 2017-2018 with 16 beams (4 quads) and PETAL beam, 3 SID and 12 diagnostics. The next ones will be performed in 2019-2020 with 56 beams (14 quads) and PETAL beam, 4 SID and 18 diagnostics.

Table II.1: History of LIL, LMJ and PETAL facilities, from the beginning of the LIL to the academic opening of LMJ-PETAL

Beginning of the construction of the LIL facility: 1996
First laser shots on LIL: 2002
Beginning of the construction of the LMJ facility: 2003
First target physics experiments on LIL: 2004
Beginning of PETAL on LIL: 2005
First academic experiments on LIL: 2005
LMJ target chamber installed: 2006
LMJ building commissioning: 2008
Decision of coupling PETAL with LMJ: 2010
Last academic experiments on LIL & closure of LIL: 2014
First target physics experiments on LMJ with 2 quads: 2014
PETAL most powerful laser beam with 1.2 PW: 2015
First associated LMJ and PETAL shot: 2015
First PETAL test shots on target: 2017
First academic experiments on LMJ with 4 quads and PETAL: 2017

Section III - Policies and Access to CEA-CESTA and LMJ facility

III- Policies and Access to CEA-CESTA and LMJ facility

III.1- Driving Directions and Accommodations The LMJ-PETAL facility is located at CEA-CESTA, 15 avenue des Sablières, CS 60001, 33116 Le Barp Cedex, France. GPS coordinates are given in the appendix. In Figure III.1, directions are given for visitors traveling from either the Bordeaux Merignac Airport, or SNCF Bordeaux railway station. The A63 highway provides direct access to CEA-CESTA. The driving distance from Bordeaux is 35 km, approximately 30 minutes in normal traffic conditions. Note that it is compulsory that all visitors satisfy the badging policy described in Section III.2-. There are some hotels close to CEA-CESTA, but numerous hotels can be found in the city of Bordeaux or in the area of Arcachon (seaside). A list of hotels is given in the appendix.

III.2- Office Space at ILP Campus and Computer Access To provide comfortable working conditions to worldwide researchers preparing their experiments, the “Institut Lasers & Plasmas” (ILP) and CEA-CESTA offer a large office space, Internet access and administrative assistance inside the ILP Campus Building. This building is located just outside CEA-CESTA. Meeting rooms are available as well as a 150 places amphitheater which could be used for workshops. The ILP building is located 2 km away from LMJ Control Room. A cafeteria for lunch is also accessible at walking distance, as well as supermarket, restaurants and food services located in Le Barp city, 3 km away.

III.3- CEA-CESTA Access and Regulations CEA-CESTA is a national security laboratory with regulated entry. Visitors must make prior arrangements at least 8 weeks before any visit. The experimental campaigns on LMJ-PETAL will be planned at least 6 months in advance, and the access to CEA-CESTA could be extended up to a 3 months period. In order to gain admittance, the requested information is the following: Last name, first name, place of birth, nationality (dual nationality if any), nationality of birth, passport number and date of validity (CNI number and validity for French citizen), home address, name and address of employer, research institution, funding agency, professional phone number, professional email, contact in case of emergency. Please notice that access to LMJ-PETAL is of CEA responsibility only. Acceptance of an experimental proposal by ILP doesn’t automatically grant access to CEA for all of the collaborators. According to confidentiality rules, no justifications would be given in case of denied access to the facility. Professional computers may be authorized on-site provided that the MAC address and physical address of the computer were given with the aforementioned personal information. Internet connectivity will be provided in a dedicated room; however no Wi-Fi capabilities are available inside CEA-CESTA. All types of cellular telephones are forbidden. This restriction also applies for CEA people inside restricted areas, like the LMJ-PETAL building. The cell phones should be kept secured in a cell phones garage at the badging center entry.

III.4- Confidentiality Rules The CEA-DAM would be pleased to promote a wide participation of the academic communities to the scientific and technologic researches which will be performed on the LMJ-PETAL facility. However, as an organism which is in charge for the control of scientific disciplines involved in nuclear deterrence, the CEA-DAM has to follow the protection rules regarding National Defense. As a consequence, some information and data obtained from laser experiments have to be protected according to the “Guide on the sensitiveness of information in the field of Inertial Confinement Fusion”.

That is why some indications are given below to prevent or reduce any risk of reject of proposal according to confidentiality rules. Most of research themes can be carried out on LMJ-PETAL without any restriction: optics, laser-plasma interaction, plasma physics, particles transport, thermal conduction, mechanics in continuous media, general hydrodynamics, nuclear physics, etc. Some other research fields are considered as sensitive: Equation of State (EOS), atomic spectra and opacities, constitutive relations and damage laws of materials, radiative hydrodynamics, turbulent hydrodynamics, X-ray radiation transfer, mixing physics in convergent flows, actinides studies, etc. Some specific studies included in the previous list may be considered not sensitive. EOS and opacities are notably concerned. Regarding EOS and constitutive relations and damage laws, simple elements or mixture can be studied at any pressure if their atomic number is lower or equal to 71. For atomic number between 72 and 91 (included), the pressure is limited to 1000 GPa. For atomic number greater than 91, the domain is considered as sensitive at any pressure. Atomic spectra and opacities can be studied for any temperature for element whose atomic number is lower or equal to 36. For other elements, the temperature is limited to 50 eV. The open domains for experiments are summarized in the figure III.3 (Pressure vs. Atomic number Z for EOS; Temperature vs. Atomic number Z for Opacities).

III.5- Selection Process A call for proposals for experiments on the LMJ-PETAL laser facility will regularly be issued on an annual basis by ILP, CEA and Aquitaine Region. Depending on the experiment complexity, experiments will be approved on a one-year or two-year basis. The more complex selected experiments will be given a few laser shots in the first year, intended to demonstrate the feasibility of the experiment. On the basis of the results of the campaign of the first year, more laser shots will be assigned on the second year. The selection process for experimental proposals on LMJ-PETAL is the following: • First a Letter of Intent (LOI) or preliminary proposal should be addressed by research groups to ILP (Z.A. Laseris – 1 avenue du Médoc – F-33114 Le Barp, [email protected]). This preliminary proposal should describe the purpose of the experiment, the research groups involved in the experiment, the laser requirements (energy, power, pulse shape, etc.), the diagnostic requirements, the target requirements, the number of laser shots requested (limited to 6 per campaign). A pre-selection of the most pertinent experiments is done by the International Scientific Advisory Committee of PETAL (ISAC-P), established by ILP. • Secondly, a full proposal should be sent to ILP ([email protected]) and CEA-DAM ([email protected]) by the pre-selected groups.

This report will include:

The experimental configuration at the target chamber center, including realistic target dimensions and position of additional targets (backlighter if any).
The laser configuration: 2.1. For LMJ beams:
- The desired spot sizes (see Table V.2) and optical smoothing conditions (2 GHz or 2 + 14 GHz);
- The laser pulse shape per quad (P (TW) as a function of time) and Energy (kJ) per quad (the Energy-Power diagram is presented in Figure V.9);
- The laser aim points per quad. 2.2. For PETAL beam:
- Pulse duration (between 0.5 and 10 ps);
- Energy (the current transport mirrors limited the available energy on target at 1 kJ for the 2017-2018 timeframe). For 2019, more energy could be expected;
- Best focus position.
The diagnostic configuration: The primary and secondary diagnostics for the physics goal must be specified. Concerning diagnostics in SID: 4 SID are available in 2019. Table VII.1 indicates the available locations. The fixed diagnostics, if needed, are: DMX in MS8, SESAME 1 and SESAME 2, UPXI, LPXI, FABS, NBI, Neutron Pack (see VIII- LMJ Diagnostics).
The target description: Sketch of the targets, including their dimensions, and the manufacturer of the targets must be provided. The CEA/CESTA Target Laboratory is in charge of the alignment of the targets at target center chamber (TCC).
The preliminary nuclear safety analysis: In order to later fulfill the CEA LMJ nuclear safety rules, the following information are required:

A rough estimate of the X-ray and/or electrons and/or ions emitted spectra, with their angular distribution;
The list of all the constitutive target materials with estimated mass.

Preparation requirements: The list of the experimental capabilities which need to be commissioned prior to the physics experiment is requested: specific ns shaped pulse, PW laser contrast, characterization of specific hard X-ray or proton backlighting sources, etc.
Shots logic and draft failure modes: The order of the shots (6 shots per campaign at maximum) is required, as well as the logic of the shots and the main possible failure modes (and backup plan). Final selection of the most pertinent experiments is done by the ISAC-P in accordance with CEA-DAM.

III.6- Experimental Process Once the experiments have been selected, the experimental campaigns are included in the schedule of the facility by the CEA-DAM Programming Committee. The selected groups are informed of this planning approximately 2 years in advance of the experimental campaign. At the same time, Experiment Managers from CEA (MOE, see III.7) are designated in order to prepare the experiment in close collaboration with the selected groups. The key milestones in the PETAL-LMJ experimental process will include several reviews in order to evaluate the experimental preparations and readiness: • The Launch Review is conducted approximately 24 months in advance of the experimental campaign. The selected group, assisted by the MOE, presents the experiment proposal in front of CEA-DAM experts. The primary purpose of this review is to ensure the proposed experiment meet the LMJ-PETAL requirements and to identify additional studies. CEA-DAM will analyze the proposals in terms of confidentiality rules, security rules and feasibility. At this point CEA-DAM could ask the research group to amend their proposal if it does not match the rules or if a feasibility matter is identified. Following the Launch Review, the selected groups will prepare a detailed report to be sent to CEA-DAM ([email protected]) approximately 18 months in advance of the experimental campaign. This report will complete the full proposal with feasibility studies, simulation results (including X-ray and particles emissions), detailed target description, etc. • A Follow-up Review occurs approximately 6 months later. The selected group exposes the advances of the experimental preparations and results of identified extra studies. This review is based on the abovementioned detailed report. Depending on the progresses made, other Follow-up Reviews may be scheduled. • The Design Review is conducted approximately 12 months in advance of the experimental campaign. In addition to the previous specified data’s (laser and diagnostic configurations, target description, shots logic …). This review provides all information required by the facility: consideration of target debris, nuclear safety analysis, diagnostics predictions, etc. This Review also updates the agenda of deliveries (e.g. targets). • The Readiness Review occurs approximately 1 month prior to the date of the experiment. It is the final check to ensure that all preparations for execution of the experiment are complete.

III.7- Responsibilities during Shot Cycle Several people will be in charge of the management of the experiment, each of them having a specific responsibility. The Principal Investigator (PI) is in charge of the scientific design of the experiment; he may be assisted by a co-PI from ILP (for ICF studies for instance). The practical design of the experimental project, taking into account the facility capabilities and the expected results (laser energy, pulse shape, laser beams, diagnostics, alignment, debris from target, etc.) comes under the responsibility of the CEA Experiment Manager (MOE); he will work in close collaboration with the PI. The making of the experimental campaign is under the responsibility of the CEA Experiment Coordinator (RCE); he is in charge of the target and laser bay functioning and performance taking into account all inherent risks for the operation crew and material. The laser shots during the campaign are under the responsibility of the LMJ Shot Director who is responsible for the LMJ safety. The PI will not be in direct contact with the LMJ Shot Director. Decisions related to the effective performance of the experimental campaign are taken according to the PI’s wishes; however communications with the Facility and LMJ Shot Director are the sole responsibility of the MOE and RCE.

III.8- Access to LMJ-PETAL during Shots Access to the LMJ-PETAL facility requires half-day training to LMJ security rules and general information. This course is usually given on Monday. To ensure personnel and equipment safety, it is mandatory that the LMJ Control Room remains a quiet area during shot operations. Shot preparation is a long process and will take a few hours which include some phases not relevant for physicists. A dedicated meeting room will be available close to the LMJ Control Room for the PI for the final shot phase when his presence is necessary. To limit administrative duties and escort procedures, the number of external users allowed to follow one shot is limited to 4 people maximum, typically the PI, co-PI (if any), one PhD student and diagnostics expert (for PETAL+ diagnostics for instance). Those people could rotate during the week or the experimental campaign (providing the access procedures have been followed).

III.9- Data Access The laser pulse shapes and raw laser energy are immediately observable after the shot, like X-ray images acquired on X-ray framing camera or streaked camera when they are directly recorded on electronic devices (CCD). The consolidated laser energy will be communicated at the end of the experimental campaign because it requires evaluation of the vacuum window transmission which could have been modified by laser-induced damages. For data requiring digitizing or scan (like Image Plate) the data release will not be possible immediately after the shot, but a few hours later. It is also the case for data depending on material handling inside target bay area, which is regulated by safety procedures for contamination control and radiation monitoring. Raw experimental data and/or data translated into physics units will be accessible to the PI and his experimental team as soon as possible after the shot. The data release is of CEA responsibility. The release of detailed response functions of some diagnostics, like for example the detailed response functions of DMX-LMJ channels, may be considered as classified information. This is why only consolidated data in physics units will be delivered to the PI in such a case. By any way the CEA Experiment Manager will ensure that all essential physics data are delivered to the PI. He is responsible for the quality of the experimental data. Data support will be either USB keys for the data directly available after the shot or CD-ROM for consolidated and scanned data. The baseline data format of LMJ data is a custom hdf5. CEA will provide hdf5 structure description and if necessary basic tools to extract the information.

III.10- Publications and Authorship Practices Results of LMJ-PETAL experiments are expected to be published in major journals and presented in scientific conferences. The PI should inform CEA-DAM of any publication a few weeks before any major conference (APS DPP, IFSA, EPS, ECLIM, ICHED, HEDLA, HTPD, etc.) using the email address [email protected]. It is of PI responsibility to judge who made a significant contribution (or only a minor) to the research study. However CEA Experiment Manager (MOE) and CEA Experiment Coordinator (RCE), as well as CEA Diagnostics leaders, should be co-authors of the first publications of the campaign they have been involved in. A statement acknowledging the use of LMJ-PETAL should be included in all publications. The sources of financial support for the project (ANR, ILP, ERC, etc.) should also be disclosed.

III.11- Calls for Proposals History The first call for proposals was launched in July 2014: 16 proposals have been received. In November 2014 the ISAC-P has preselected 7 proposals, and in May 2015, after the selected groups have provided their full proposals, the ISAC-P has selected 4 proposals which have been approved by CEA-DAM and included in the schedule of the facility. They are dedicated to astrophysics phenomena and ICF studies. The first shots are planned in 2017. The second call for proposals was launched in April 2016, for shots planned in 2019-2020. 9 proposals have been received in June 2016. The ISAC-P has pre-selected 6 proposals in September 2016. The full propositions were received on January 2017 and the final selection in March 2017 has retained 2 proposals. The next call will be launch in the beginning of 2018.

Section IV - LMJ Building Description

IV- LMJ Building Description

The LMJ building covers a total area of 40 000 m² (300 m long x 100 to 150 m wide). It includes four similar laser bays, 128 meters long, situated in pairs on each side of the central target bay. The target bay is a cylinder of 60-meters diameter and 38-meters height, with a 2-meters thick concrete wall for biological protection.

At the center of the target bay, the target chamber consists of a 10-meters diameter aluminum sphere, fitted with two hundred ports for the injection of the laser beams and the location of diagnostics and target holders. The four lasers bays, completed by the end of 2013, are now equipped with all the supporting optics infrastructures and the final optical components are currently being installed.

The PETAL laser beam takes the place of one classical LMJ bundle inside the South-East laser Bay.

Figure IV.1: a) Drawing of the building with total dimensions (300 m length, 100 m width, N-O, S-O, N-E, S-E laser bays, Switchyard, Target bay, PETAL beam line); b) CAD of the target bay with transport of the beams, the experimental chamber and its equipment: target positioning system, plasma diagnostics (Diameter = 60 m, Height = 38 m).

Section V - LMJ Laser System

V- LMJ Laser System

V.1- Laser Architecture LMJ is under commissioning at CEA-CESTA at a stage of 176 beams. LMJ is a flashlamp-pumped neodymium-doped glass laser (1.053 µm wavelength) configured in a multi-pass power amplifier system. The LMJ 3100 glass laser slabs will be capable of delivering more than 3 MJ of 1.053 µm light, that is subsequently frequency converted to the third harmonic (0.351 µm) and focused on a target at the center of target chamber. LMJ will deliver shaped pulses from 0.7 ns to 25 ns with a maximum energy of 1.5 MJ and a maximum power of 400 TW of UV light on target.

The architecture of one beamline is shown in Figure V.1. The front end delivers the initial light pulse and provides its temporal and spatial shape as well as its spectrum and enables synchronization of all the beams. The front end is made of four sources (one per laser hall), which deliver the first photons (about 1 nJ), and 88 Pre-amplifier Modules (PAM, 1 per 2 beams), including a regenerative cavity and an amplifier, which deliver a 500-mJ energy beam to the amplification section.

In the amplification section, the beams are grouped in bundle of 8 beams and they are amplified 30 000 times to reach energy of 15-18 kJ per beam. The amplification section includes two 4-pass amplifiers, two spatial filters, a plasma electrode pockels cell, a polarizer and a deformable mirror for wavefront correction.

In the switchyards, each individual bundle is divided into two quads of 4 beams, which are directed to the upper and lower hemispheres of the chamber by the mean of 5, 6 or 7 transport mirrors. The quad is the basic independent unit for experiments.

The LMJ target chamber is arranged with a vertical axis. LMJ is configured to operate usually in the “indirect drive” scheme [41], which directs the laser beams into cones in the upper and lower hemispheres of the target chamber. Forty quads enter the target chamber through ports that are located on two cones at 33.2° and 49° polar angles. There are 10 quads per cone on each hemisphere. Four other quads enter the target chamber at 59.5° polar angle, and will be dedicated to radiographic purpose (see Figure V.5).

The PETAL beam enters the experimental chamber in the equatorial plane.

Table V.1: Spherical coordinates of beam ports Quads operative in 2019:

28U: θ=33.2°, φ=81° | 28L: θ=131°, φ=81° | 29U: θ=49°, φ=63° | 29L: θ=146.8°, φ=63°
17U: θ=33.2°, φ=297° | 17L: θ=131°, φ=297° | 18U: θ=49°, φ=279° | 18L: θ=146.8°, φ=279°
10U: θ=49°, φ=207° | 10L: θ=146.8°, φ=207° | 11U: θ=33.2°, φ=225° | 11L: θ=131°, φ=225°
5U: θ=49°, φ=135° | 5L: θ=146.8°, φ=135° | PETAL: θ=90°, φ=346.5°

Next operative quads:

6U: θ=33.2°, φ=153° | 6L: θ=131°, φ=153° | 22U: θ=49°, φ=351° | 22L: θ=146.8°, φ=351°
24U: θ=33.2°, φ=9° | 24L: θ=131°, φ=9° | 23U: θ=59.5°, φ=9° | 23L: θ=120.5°, φ=351°

Subsequent quads:

2U: θ=33.2°, φ=117° | 2L: θ=131°, φ=117° | 13U: θ=33.2°, φ=261° | 13L: θ=131°, φ=261°
21U: θ=33.2°, φ=333° | 21L: θ=131°, φ=333° | 26U: θ=33.2°, φ=45° | 26L: θ=131°, φ=45°
9U: θ=33.2°, φ=189° | 9L: θ=131°, φ=189° | 19U: θ=59.5°, φ=333° | 19L: θ=120.5°, φ=315°
7U: θ=49°, φ=171° | 7L: θ=146.8°, φ=171° | 25U: θ=49°, φ=27° | 25L: θ=146.8°, φ=27°
20U: θ=49°, φ=315° | 20L: θ=146.8°, φ=315° | 14U: θ=49°, φ=243° | 14L: θ=146.8°, φ=243°
3U: θ=49°, φ=99° | 3L: θ=146.8°, φ=99°

V.2- LMJ Frequency Conversion and Focusing Scheme The optics assembly for frequency conversion and focusing is composed of a 1ω grating, two KDP and DKDP crystals for Second and Third Harmonic Generation, and a 3ω focusing grating. The 1ω grating deflects by an angle of 50° the incoming 1ω beam. An angular dispersion of the spectrum is introduced by the grating which allows broadband frequency tripling. The frequency converters use a Type I-Type II third harmonic generation scheme. The 3ω grating deflects back the 3ω beam by an angle of 50°, while the unconverted light is stopped by absorbers. As a consequence no volume restrictions and additional shielding for unconverted light issues have to be taken into account in the making of the experiments. The pointing accuracy of LMJ quadruplets depends on the aim point. Two pointing volumes have been defined. The finest accuracy (50 µm rms) is achieved inside a 30 mm diameter x 30 mm high orthocylinder. Outside this first cylinder the pointing volume can be described by two other imbricated cylinders with a 75 to 100 µm pointing accuracy.

V.3- Beam Smoothing To reduce the peak intensity of the light on the target, several techniques are available on LMJ: continuous phase plate (see Section V.4) and smoothing by spectral dispersion. Two phase modulations at 2 GHz and 14 GHz around the central wavelength are realized. The first one (2 GHz) is used to raise the threshold of appearance of the Brillouin effects in optics in the front-end and at the end of the laser chain. The second one (14 GHz) is dedicated to Smoothing by Spectral Dispersion (SSD). The full bandwidth available with both frequency modulations is 0.5 nm at 1ω in order to reduce the contrast in the speckles of the focal spot on the target down to 20% [44]. Due to the specific LMJ focusing system, the movement of speckles in the focal spot is along the laser axis (longitudinal SSD) instead of being perpendicular to this axis (transverse SSD) as in standard laser facilities. Another smoothing technique, polarization smoothing, will be installed later for ignition experiments.

V.4- Spot Sizes Various Continuous Phase Plates (CPP) could be considered for the focal spot sizes. Four types have been defined, three for circular focal spots, called CPP Type D, Type E, Type F and one for elliptical focal spot called Type A. The nominal phase plate is Type A, it is used for heating hohlraums which are positioned along the chamber axis. The Type D is for heating other kinds of target. The Type E provides a larger focal spot for uniform irradiation (direct drive EOS experiments or large backlighter). The Type F provides a smaller focal for radiography purposes. Type A is available for all the beams, but the number of other types phase plates is limited. The number of phase plates available on the facility is indicated in chapter IX.1.

Table V.2: Characteristics of available Continuous Phase Plates

Type A: Elliptical | Size at 1/e: Major axis: 870 µm, Minor axis: 450 µm | Size at 3%: Major axis: 1430 µm, Minor axis: 790 µm | Intensity (5 TW): 1.7·10¹⁵ W/cm² | Super-Gaussian Order: 3 / 2.4
Type D: Circular | Size at 1/e: Diameter: 690 µm | Size at 3%: Diameter: 1020 µm | Intensity (5 TW): 1.6·10¹⁵ W/cm² | Super-Gaussian Order: 2.7
Type E: Circular | Size at 1/e: Diameter: 980 µm | Size at 3%: Diameter: 1460 µm | Intensity (5 TW): 7.0·10¹⁴ W/cm² | Super-Gaussian Order: 3.7
Type F: Circular | Size at 1/e: Diameter: 375 µm | Size at 3%: Diameter: 680 µm | Intensity (5 TW): 4.8·10¹⁵ W/cm² | Super-Gaussian Order: 2.1

V.5- Energy and Power The available laser energy for user experiments is constrained by optical damages on gratings [45] and vacuum windows, and operating costs. Whereas LMJ nominal laser energy is designed for 30 kJ per quad for ignition experiments, a lot of CEA experiments will be performed at limited laser energy to reduce the optical damages on final optics. Experimental designs with 10 to 15 kJ per quad are to be considered. The maximum sustainable laser energy for a given pulse shape will be refined with feedbacks from laser scientists [46, 47] during the preliminary design review of an experiment. Operational limits depend on the exact pulse shape and the type of CPP. Figure V.9 gives the maximum performance and the recommended setting as a function of pulse duration for square pulses.

V.6- Pulse Shaping Capabilities The LMJ source (master oscillator) is designed to deliver complex ignition pulse. As a consequence, a wide variety of pulse shapes can be produced on LMJ, with a minimum duration of 0.7 ns and a maximum duration of 25 ns. Complex pulse shapes (rising pulse, decreasing pulse, multiple pulse, with pedestal, etc.) can be fashioned, but will required some test laser shots for a fine tuning [47]. The LMJ beams will be synchronized at the center of the target chamber within a standard deviation of 60 ps in 2019, and 40 ps later with all the 176 beams. On LMJ, the Pre-Amplifier Module (PAM) is common for two beams within one quadruplet. However as the two PAMs of a single quadruplet share the same master oscillator (see Figure V.12), only one pulse shape is available per quadruplet. This versatility in pulse shaping will be beneficial for Polar Direct Drive Shock Ignition [48]. Delays between quadruplets could be defined for example to use one quadruplet as the main driver and one quadruplet to irradiate an X-ray backlighter. The maximum available delays are currently limited to 100 ns.

V.7- LMJ Performance The first LMJ experiments were carried out in October 2014, with the 8 initial beams (quads 28U and 28L). Until the end of 2016, 240 laser shots have been performed, and among them 90 were dedicated to plasma experiments. All revealed good performance of the whole system. The mean pointing accuracy of the quads was 52 µm, and the beams synchronization was less than 50 ps for 84 % of the shots. Figure V.13 shows the history of energy and power delivered per quad on target. 87 % of the shots delivered the required energy with less than 7 % discrepancy. For all the experiments, the achieved pulse shapes present a good reproducibility.

Section VI - PETAL

VI- PETAL

VI.1- Laser System The PETAL design is based on the Chirped Pulse Amplification (CPA) technique combined with Optical Parametric Amplification (OPA) [49-52]. Moreover, it takes the benefits of the laser developments made for the high-energy LMJ facility allowing it to reach the kilojoules level. Figure VI.1 shows the implementation of PETAL in the LMJ facility. The PETAL beamline occupies the place of a LMJ bundle in the South-East laser bay. The compressor stages are situated at the bottom level of the target bay, and after a transport under vacuum, the beam is focused in the equatorial plane of the LMJ chamber via an off-axis parabolic mirror.

The front end consists in a standard Ti:sapphire mode locked oscillator delivering 3 nJ /100 fs / 16 nm pulse at 77.76 MHz and 1053 nm wavelength. The pulse is stretched to 9 ns in an Öffner stretcher in eight passes. Then the pulse is sent to the Pre-Amplifier Module (PAM) including OPA stages and pump laser. The OPA scheme consists of two cascaded LBO crystals and a BBO crystal. A 150 mJ amplified signal pulse with a shot-to-shot stability of less than 2 % has been demonstrated on the LIL facility [50, 51].

The PETAL amplifier section has the same architecture as the LIL/LMJ amplifier section using a single 37 × 35.6 cm² beam. It is a four-pass-system with angular multiplexing and a Reverser. It uses 16 amplifier laser slabs arranged in two sets and delivering up to 6 kJ. At this stage, due to gain narrowing, the bandwidth is reduced to 3 nm and duration to 1.7 ns. The main differences with the LIL/LMJ power chain are the wavefront and chromatism corrections [52].

The compression scheme is a two-stage system (see Figure VI.2). The first compressor, in air atmosphere, reduces the pulse duration from 1.7 ns to 350 ps in an equivalent double pass configuration. The output mirror is segmented in order to divide the initial beam into 4 sub-apertures which are independently compressed and synchronized into the second compressor in a single pass configuration under vacuum [54]. These sub-apertures are coherently added using the segmented mirror with three interferometric displacements for each sub-aperture. The pulse duration is adjustable from 0.5 to 10 ps.

The focusing system consists in an off-axis parabolic mirror with a 90° deviation angle, followed by a pointing mirror (see Figure VI.3). The focal length is 7.8 meters, and the focal spot goal is a 50 µm diameter, this will result in intensities above 10²⁰ W/cm² on target. The polarization of the PETAL beam on target is linear vertical. Due to the 4 sub-apertures of the beam [55], a multi-beam option could be available: a segmented pointing mirror could redirect the beams towards up to 4 separate focuses. This option will be studied in detail if required.

The PETAL performance depends on the damage threshold of optics. Great efforts have been made on gratings in order to improve their strength. The effect of electric field on damages has been demonstrated [56], and the groove profile of PETAL multilayer dielectric gratings has been optimized in order to obtain a damage threshold above 4 J/cm² in the ps range. But in fact, the transport mirrors may not sustain more than 2 J/cm² compared to the 4 J/cm² specified value required for a 3 kJ output level. Therefore, the current mirrors will first limit the available energy on target at ~1 kJ level. New technologies are required to increase this value and the intensity on target. Several ways of improvement are identified and are being explored.

VI.2- PETAL Performance The commissioning of PETAL with broadband spectrum pulses began in 2015. The amplification at 1.4 kJ energy of a stretched pulse (2 ns, 3.5 nm) in the amplification section was validated. The Petawatt capacity was demonstrated with several shots in 2015 with the diagnostics located just after the compressor. Several shots at 1.05 kJ energy and 1ps duration were obtained, and on May 29th 2015, PETAL delivered 846 J in 0.7 ps corresponding to a peak power of 1.2 PW. PETAL became the most powerful laser beam in the world, in the high energy lasers category.

Next step aimed at transporting and focusing the PETAL beam into LMJ target chamber. Five PETAL laser shots were carried out in the target chamber on a calorimeter and achieved 635 J at 0.7 ps (0.9 PW) on December 2015. In parallel, the first associated LMJ and PETAL laser shot in the LMJ target chamber was performed.

In 2016, the next steps of the laser commissioning concerned a more comprehensive characterization of the laser performances. Thanks to the activation of spectral phase measurements, the pulse duration was improved till 570 fs (with a 220 J energy shot) which corresponds to a potential power of 1.85 PW for a full energy shot. The temporal contrast was also characterized; on a long time scale (10 ns) the energy contrast (ratio between ps-pulse energy and pedestal energy) is 10⁻³, measured by a silicon integrator, and on a short time scale (250 ps) the power contrast is around 10⁻⁶, measured with a single shot 3rd order cross-correlator.

In 2017 the focal spot will be characterized, and an upgrade of the beam spatial profile, in order to increase the energy on target, will be implemented.

Section VII - Target Area and Associated Equipment

VII- Target Area and Associated Equipment

As shown previously in Figure IV.1, the target bay area occupies the central part of the building. There are 8 floors. A detailed CAD of the target chamber with the major target bay equipment is shown in Figure VII.1.

The radius of LMJ target chamber is 5 meters. Beam and diagnostic ports cover the full surface. Most part of the plasma diagnostics are positioned inside the target chamber with the help of a manipulator called SID (System for Insertion of Diagnostics). A SID is a two-stage telescoping system that provides a precise positioning of a diagnostic close to the center of target chamber. It positions 150-kg diagnostic with a 50-µm precision. SIDs are provided on several different port locations. Two kinds of SIDs are available: the LMJ SIDs are designed for ignition experiments, they provide the best positioning accuracy for imaging system, can be positioned on polar axis, and use only electronic detectors; the PETAL SIDs are dedicated to PETAL diagnostics which use passive detectors due to electromagnetic perturbations induced by PETAL shots, and cannot be positioned on polar axis. Nevertheless, PETAL SIDs are compatible with LMJ diagnostics and can be used also with electronic detectors. About 10 SIDs are envisioned for the LMJ.

Diagnostics are inserted in the SID with the help of a diagnostic transfer box (BTDP, see figure VII.5.b). This box is used to transfer diagnostics from and to the maintenance laboratory. All heavy devices connected to the target chamber (Diagnostics, SID, BTDP, TPS, etc.) are moved with the help of a dedicated means of transportation named intervention vehicle (see figure VII.5b).

The port locations of the target chamber equipment (Reference Holder (RH), Target Positioning System (TPS) and cryogenic TPS, SOPAC viewing stations) and the possible port locations for the different SID are listed in Table VII.1. Three Specific Mechanisms ports are also available, 2 of them (MS8 and MS9) being reserved for DMX Broadband time-resolved spectrometer.

The diagnostics manipulators locations are schematically drawn in Figure VII.3. Additional target chamber ports for fixed diagnostics exist and may be considered for future diagnostics developments.

Table VII.1: Spherical coordinate of target chamber equipment and diagnostics manipulators Target chamber equipment:

RH: θ=90°, φ=238.5° (Reference holder)
TPS: θ=90°, φ=255.5° (Target Positioning System)
Cryo TPS: θ=90°, φ=220.5° (Cryogenic TPS, unavailable)
SOPAC: θ=16°, φ=9° (Target viewing station)
SOPAC: θ=24°, φ=243° (Target viewing and lighting station)
SOPAC: θ=90°, φ=13.5° (Target viewing station)
SOPAC: θ=90°, φ=103.5° (Target viewing station)
SOPAC: θ=90°, φ=193.5° (Target viewing station)
SOPAC: θ=90°, φ=283.5° (Target viewing station)
SOPAC: θ=164°, φ=9° (Target viewing and lighting station)
SOPAC: θ=164°, φ=189° (Target viewing station)

Diagnostics manipulators:

S1: θ=16°, φ=333° (Close to polar axis, dedicated to UPXI diagnostic)
S2: θ=164°, φ=279° (Close to polar axis, dedicated to LPXI diagnostic)
S3: θ=16°, φ=153° (Close to polar axis, unavailable)
S5: θ=90°, φ=112.5° (Unavailable)
S7: θ=164°, φ=99° (Close to polar axis, laser injection and collection for EOS Pack)
S12: θ=90°, φ=148.5°
S16: θ=90°, φ=58.5°
S17: θ=0°, φ=0° (Polar axis)
S20: θ=90°, φ=292.5° (Optical system of EOS pack)
S22: θ=90°, φ=328.5° (SPECTIX diagnostic, Opposite S12)
S26: θ=90°, φ=180° (SEPAGE diagnostic)

Specific mechanisms:

MS 8: θ=24°, φ=99° (DMX position 1)
MS 9: θ=70°, φ=72° (DMX position 2)
MS 18: θ=90°, φ=222° (Activation diagnostic, unavailable)
SESAME 1: θ=90°, φ=166.5° (SESAME diagnostic position 1)
SESAME 2: θ=90°, φ=121.5° (SESAME diagnostic position 2)

Section VIII - LMJ Diagnostics

VIII- LMJ Diagnostics

Over 30 diagnostics are considered on LMJ with high spatial, temporal and spectral resolution in the optical, X-ray, and nuclear domains. Development plan for LMJ diagnostics began with LIL laser facility and rely on decades of expertise in the design, fabrication and commissioning of advanced plasma diagnostics. The OMEGA laser facility has also been used and will continue to be the test bed for the development of CEA nuclear diagnostics. The early diagnostics, designed using the feedback of LIL’s diagnostics, consist of: • seven hard and soft X-ray imaging systems (30 eV to 15 keV range) with a 15 to 150 µm spatial resolution and a 30 to 120 ps time resolution, providing over 40 imaging channels, • a diagnostic set for hohlraum temperature measurements including an absolutely calibrated broadband X-ray spectrometer (30 eV - 20 keV), a grating spectrometer, an imaging system of the emitting area, • an absolutely calibrated broadband X-ray spectrometer (30 eV - 7 keV), • a time resolved high resolution X-ray spectrometer (1 - 15 keV) coupled to a framing camera, • a time integrated hard X-ray spectrometer (6 - 100 keV), • an optical diagnostic set dedicated to EOS measurements including 2 VISAR (Velocity Interferometer System for Any Reflector), 2 SBO (Shock Break Out), a pyrometer and a reflectivity measurement, • a Full Aperture Backscatter System, and a Near Backscatter Imager to measure the power, spectrum, and angular distribution of backscattered light to determine the laser energy balance, • two electron spectrometers (5 - 150 MeV), • a charged particles spectrometer for electrons (0.1 - 150 MeV) and ions (0.1 - 200 MeV) including an imaging module for proton radiography, • a neutron pack, to measure neutron yield, ion temperature and neutron bang time.

Companion Table-top laser facilities [57] or X-ray sources [58] are used to perform metrology of the X-ray diagnostics before any plasma experiment. Diagnostics development takes into account the harsh environment [28, 59] which will be encountered on LMJ, as well as the electromagnetic perturbations induced by PETAL [60].

VIII.1- X-ray Imagers Table VIII.1: LMJ X-ray Imagers acronyms and their main characteristics:

GXI-1 (Gated X-ray Imager, high resolution, SID, Magnification=4.3): • 2x4 time-resolved toroidal mirror channels: 0.5 - 10 keV | Spatial resol./FOV: 35 µm / 3 mm | Time resol./Dynamic: 110 - 130 ps / 20 ns • 4 pinhole channels: 2 - 15 keV | Spatial resol./FOV: 40 µm / 3 mm | Time resol./Dynamic: 110 - 130 ps / 20 ns • 1 time-integrated mirror channel: 0.5 - 10 keV | Spatial resol./FOV: 50 µm / 5 mm | without time resolution
GXI-2 (Gated X-ray Imager, medium resolution, SID, Magnification=0.9): • 2x4 time-resolved toroidal mirror channels: 0.5 - 10 keV | Spatial resol./FOV: 150 µm / 15 mm | Time resol./Dynamic: 110 - 130 ps / 20 ns • 4 X-ray refractive lenses channels: 6 - 15 keV | Spatial resol./FOV: 150 µm / 15 mm | Time resol./Dynamic: 110 - 130 ps / 20 ns • 1 time-integrated mirror channel: 0.5 - 10 keV | Spatial resol./FOV: 140 µm / 20 mm | without time resolution
SHXI (Streaked Hard X-ray Imager, medium resol., SID, Magnification=1 or 3): • 1 time-resolved toroidal mirror channels: 0.5 - 10 keV | Spatial resol./FOV: 150/15 or 50/5 µm/mm | Time resol./Dynamic: 17/2 to 120/25 ps/ns • 1 time-integrated mirror channel: 5 - 10 keV | Spatial resol./FOV: 130/20 or 50/6.5 µm/mm | without
SSXI (Streaked Soft X-ray Imager, high resolution, SID, Magnification=3): • 1 time-resolved bi-toroidal mirror channel: 0.1 - 0.8 keV | Spatial resol./FOV: 30 µm / 5 mm | Time resol./Dynamic: 17/2 to 120/25 ps/ns • 1 time-integrated bi-toroidal mirror channel: 0.05 - 1.5 keV | Spatial resol./FOV: 30 µm / 5 mm | without • Spectral selection by grating
UPXI (Upper Pole X-ray Imager) & LPXI (Lower Pole X-ray Imager), Specific mechanics, 1 pinhole channel, > 3 keV: • Passive detector (CID detector): Magnif. = 2 to 5 | Spatial resol./FOV: 80/12 to 65/5 µm/mm | without • Passive detector (Image Plate): Magnif. = 2 to 5 | Spatial resol./FOV: 80/50 to 65/25 µm/mm | without • Optional streak camera: Magnif. = 6 | Spatial resol./FOV: 65 µm / 2 mm | Time resol./Dynamic: 17/2 to 120/25 ps/ns • Optional framing camera: Magnif. = 6 | Spatial resol./FOV: 65 µm / 2 mm | Time resol./Dynamic: 110 - 130 ps / 20 ns
ERHXI (Enhanced Resolution Hard X-ray Imager, SID, Magnification=8): • 8 time-resolved bi-toroidal mirror channels: 0.5 - 13 keV | Spatial resol./FOV: In 2019: 10 µm / 1.5 mm; In 2020: 5 µm / 0.6 mm | Time resol./Dynamic: 110 - 130 ps / 20 ns; In 2020: 50 ps / 20 ns

VIII.1.1 - GXI-1, Gated X-ray Imager (high resolution) The first LMJ X-ray imager GXI-1 records time-resolved 2D image in the hard X-ray spectral region. It is dedicated to X-ray radiography of target motion and to hard X-ray target emission [53]. It incorporates a microscope with large source-to-optic distance (61 cm) and a large size gated micro channel plate detector (ARGOS detector) [80]. It includes twelve X-ray channels: eight consisting of grazing angle-of-incidence mirrors and a filter, and four straight-through channels consisting of pinholes with a filter. GXI-1 also includes a three-film protective holder, filter holder, CID camera, and photoconductive detector for fiducial.

VIII.1.2 - GXI-2, Gated X-ray Imager (medium resolution) Records time-resolved 2D image in the hard X-ray spectral region on a large field of view, mainly dedicated to the control of laser beams pointing [53]. Features a very large source-to-optic distance (303 cm), twelve channels (8 grazing angle mirrors + filter, 4 straight-through refractive lenses + filter), ARGOS detector, and CID camera.

VIII.1.3 - SHXI, Streaked Hard X-ray Imager (medium resolution) Records time-resolved 1D image in the hard X-ray spectral region. Dedicated to X-ray radiography of target motion and hard X-ray target emission. Has two X-ray channels per magnification (1 and 3), consisting of grazing angle-of-incidence toroidal mirrors and a filter (streak camera and CID detector).

VIII.1.4 – SSXI, Streaked Soft X-ray Imager (high resolution) Records time-resolved 1D image or time/space-resolved spectra in the soft X-ray spectral region (0.1 - 0.8 keV). Dedicated to analysis of radiative waves (propagation, burn-through, etc.) and soft X-ray target emission. Optical assembly uses grazing incidence optics: blast shield mirror, X-ray microscope with two channels made of two toroidal mirrors (magnification 3), two low-pass mirrors, and flat field grating.

VIII.1.5 - UPXI and LPXI, Upper and Lower Polar X-ray imagers Record time-integrated 2D image, or optionally time-resolved 2D/1D image, in the hard X-ray spectral region. Dedicated to precision pointing of LMJ laser beams, verification of target positions, and time-resolved size measurement of Laser Entrance Holes (LEH). Uses a 50 µm diameter pinhole in tantalum foil.

VIII.1.6 – ERHXI, Enhanced Resolution Hard X-ray Imager Records time-resolved 2D image in hard X-ray region with high spatial resolution (down to 5 µm in 2020). Dedicated to radiography of small size targets (e.g., compressed ICF target). Eight time-resolved bi-toroidal mirror channels at 0.6° grazing angle coated with platinum graded multilayers up to 13 keV, magnification 8, using ARGOS/ARGOS CELER tube.

VIII.2- X-ray Spectrometers Table VIII.2: LMJ X-ray Spectrometers acronyms and their main characteristics:

DMX (Broad-band X-ray spectrometer, Specific mechanics): • 20 time-resolved broad-band channels: 0.03 - 20 keV (resol. E/ΔE ~ 5) | FOV: 5 mm | Time resol./Dynamic: 150 ps / 10⁵ ns • Grating X-ray spectrometer (Δλ < 1 Å): 0.1 - 1.5 keV / 1.5 - 4 keV | Time resol./Dynamic: 17/2 to 120/25 ps/ns • Laser Entrance Hole Imager: 0.5 - 2 keV | Spatial resol./FOV: 100 µm / 5 mm | Time integrated (time resolved in 2018) • X-ray Power: 0.1 - 2 keV / 2.0 - 4.0 keV / 4.0 - 6.0 keV | FOV: 5 mm | Time resol./Dynamic: 150 ps / 10⁵ ns
Mini-DMX (Broad-band X-ray spectrometer, SID): • 16 time-resolved broad-band channels: 0.03 - 7 keV (resol. E/ΔE ~ 5) | FOV: 5 mm | Time resol./Dynamic: 150 ps / 10⁵ ns
HRXS (High Resolution X-ray Spectrometer, SID, Slit magnification = 3): • 4 time-resolved crystal channels: 1 - 15 keV (~500) | Spatial resol./FOV: 70 µm (1D) / 5 mm | Time resol./Dynamic: 110 – 130 ps / 20 ns • 2x3 time-integrated crystal channels (CID): 1 - 15 keV (~500) | Spatial resol./FOV: 70 µm (1D) / 5 mm | without
SPECTIX (Hard X-ray spectrometer, SID): • 1 time-integrated channel (Transmission crystals): 7 - 150 keV (>100) | without spatial/time resolution

VIII.2.1 – DMX, Broad-band X-ray Spectrometer Primordial diagnostic for hohlraum energetic performance measurements [28]. Includes 20 measurement channels (mirrors, filters, X-ray diodes), soft X-ray spectrometer with gratings and streak camera, LEH imager with CID, and spectrally integrated X-ray power channels. Set up in chamber at fixed place (MS8/MS9).

VIII.2.2 - Mini-DMX, Broad-band X-ray Spectrometer Second hohlraum energetic performance measurement axis. Composed of 16 broadband channels combining filters, mirrors, and coaxial detectors. Positioned at working distance (1000 mm or 3500 mm) by a SID. Absolutely calibrated.

VIII.2.3 – HRXS, High Resolution X-ray Spectrometer Dedicated to atomic physics (NLTE spectroscopy and opacity measurements). Central body associated with CEA framing camera ARGOS (4 channels). Fitted with cylindrical concave crystal(s) and lateral spectrometer body with CID detector and 3 cylindrical concave crystals. Distance target to front end: 320 mm; target to detectors: ~1400 mm.

VIII.2.4 – SPECTIX, Hard X-ray Spectrometer Hard X-ray spectrometer dedicated to K-shell spectroscopy of a large number of materials (7 - 150 keV), developed under PETAL+ project. Based on diffraction by transmission cylindrical crystals (Cauchois type) associated with a cross-over slit, using Image Plates (IP). Magnets suppress background electron noise.

VIII.3- Optical Diagnostics Table VIII.3: LMJ Optical diagnostics acronyms and their main characteristics:

EOS Pack (Diagnostics set for EOS experiments, SID): • 2 VISARs (1064 and 532 nm): Velocity 0.5 - 200 km/s | Spatial resol./FOV: 30/1 to 50/5 µm/mm | Time resol./Dynamic: 50/5 to 500/100 ps/ns • Reflectivity: R > 0.1 • 2 Shock Break Out (SBO): 490 - 750 nm | Spatial resol./FOV: 30/1 to 100/10 µm/mm | Time resol./Dynamic: 50/5 to 500/100 ps/ns • Pyrometer: Temperature > 0.1 eV • 2 x 2D images: 490 - 750 nm | Spatial resol./FOV: 30/1 to 100/10 µm/mm | Time resol./Dynamic: 75 - 200 ps / 5 - 20 ns
FABS (Full Aperture Backscattering System, quad 28U): • Brillouin spectrometer (Δλ < 0.05 nm): 346 - 356 nm | Time resol./Dynamic: 25/5 to 250/50 ps/ns • Raman spectrometer (Δλ < 5 nm): 375 - 750 nm | Time resol./Dynamic: 25/5 to 250/50 ps/ns • Time integrated calibration spectrometer: 350 - 700 nm / 375 - 750 nm | without • 3 Brillouin power channels: < 360 nm | Time resol./Dynamic: 150 ps / 5 to 50 ns • 2 Raman power channels: 350 - 750 nm | Time resol./Dynamic: 150 ps / 5 to 50 ns • 1,2,3ω power channels: 1053, 526, 351 nm | Time resol./Dynamic: 500 ps / 25 ns
NBI (Near Backscatter Imager, quads 28U & 29U): • 2 Brillouin power channels: 346 - 356 nm | Time resol./Dynamic: 150 ps / 5 to 150 ns • 2 Raman power channels: 375 - 750 nm | Time resol./Dynamic: 150 ps / 5 to 150 ns • Brillouin image: 346 - 356 nm | Angle: 2°/16° • Raman image: 375 - 750 nm | Angle: 2°/16°

VIII.3.1 - EOS Pack Dedicated to Equation of State measurements. Uses S20 for insertion of optical system and S7 for laser injection and collection. Includes two VISARs (532 nm and 1064 nm), two SBO/Pyrometers (490-750 nm), and 2 GOI framing cameras. Hardened and protected against EMP in a Faraday cage.

VIII.3.2 – FABS, Full Aperture Backscatter System Measures backscattered light in focusing cone of quad 28U (and later 29U) via an ellipsoidal Spectralon scattering panel. Measures Brillouin (346.5 - 355.5 nm) and Raman (375 - 750 nm) backscatter with 100 ps resolution.

VIII.3.4 – NBI, Near Backscatter Imager Analyzes backscattered light outside focusing cones of quads 28U and 29U. Composed of 9 flat scattering panels (7.1 m² total Spectralon) inside chamber, an optical system at θ=70°, φ=306° with 4 lenses, 15 m fiber bundles, and analysis table in Faraday cage (4 phototubes, 2 ICCD cameras, 40 fast photodiodes and digitizers).

VIII.4- Particles Diagnostics Table VIII.4: LMJ Particles diagnostics names and main characteristics:

Neutron Pack (Activation and nTOF diagnostics, inside/outside target chamber): • Activation: D₂: 10⁹ to 10¹⁵ neutrons, DT: 10⁹ to 5·10¹⁸ neutrons | without time resolution • Gated PMT + scintillator / Photodiode / CVD diamonds: D₂: 10⁹ to 10¹⁵, DT: 10⁹ to 5·10¹⁸ neutrons | Time resol.: 50 ps (Timing accuracy)
SEPAGE (Electron and proton spectrometer, SID): • Low energy Thomson parabola (ΔE/E < 0.5% for e-, < 6.5% for p): e-: 0.1 - 20 MeV, p: 0.1 - 20 MeV | FOV: 9 mm | without • High energy Thomson parabola (ΔE/E < 1% for e-, < 6% for p): e-: 8 - 150 MeV, p: 10 - 200 MeV | FOV: 2.3 mm | without • Imaging module (proton Radiography) - Radiochromic film: 3 - 200 MeV
SESAME 1 & 2 (Electron (& proton) spectrometer, Chamber wall): • Magnetic spectrometer (ΔE/E < 5%): Electrons: 5 - 150 MeV, Protons: 1 - 15 MeV | FOV: 15 mm | without

VIII.4.1 - Neutron Pack Measures neutron yield, ion temperature, and neutron bang time. In 2019: set of 6 nTOF detectors (gated PMT, scintillators, photodiodes, CVD diamonds) at 3.6 m from TCC. Later, activation diagnostics (indium, copper, zirconium) and 5 more nTOF detectors will complete the system.

VIII.4.2 – SEPAGE, Electron and Proton Spectrometer Developed by CEA/DRF/IRFU under PETAL+ project. Measures electron/proton spectra on Image Plates and proton radiographies on RCF. Contains low energy TP (0.1 - 20 MeV), high energy TP (8 - 200 MeV), and RCF imaging stack (3 - 200 MeV) placed as close as 100 mm from target. Preferred position: SID S26 (opposite PETAL beam at 13.5° angle).

VIII.4.3 – SESAME, Electron Spectrometer Two spectrometers installed at fixed locations: SESAME 1 at 0° of PETAL axis (θ=90°, φ=166.5°), SESAME 2 at 45° of PETAL axis (θ=90°, φ=121.5°). Permanent magnets deflect particles to Image Plates (Electrons: 5 - 150 MeV, Protons: 1 - 15 MeV).

VIII.5- Diagnostics in Conceptual Design Phase Eight other diagnostics are under design for future years: • two spatially resolved spectrometers (soft and hard X-ray); • a gated soft X-ray imager; • a broad band spectrometer (second miniDMX); • a second FABS on Q29U; • two high resolution hard X-ray imagers; • a Thomson scattering diagnostic.

Section IX - Experimental Configuration for 2019

IX- Experimental Configuration for 2019

IX.1- Laser Beams Characteristics At the beginning of 2019, the experimental configuration of the LMJ facility will include 7 bundles (14 quads) and the PETAL beam.

Table IX.1: Angle of the LMJ quads and PETAL beam in 2019:

5U: θ=49°, φ=135° | Angle vs. PETAL: 130.1°
5L: θ=146.8°, φ=135° | Angle vs. PETAL: 117.8°
10U: θ=49°, φ=207° | Angle vs. PETAL: 125.0°
10L: θ=146.8°, φ=207° | Angle vs. PETAL: 114.6°
11U: θ=33.2°, φ=225° | Angle vs. PETAL: 106.6°
11L: θ=131°, φ=225° | Angle vs. PETAL: 113.2°
17U: θ=33.2°, φ=297° | Angle vs. PETAL: 69.2°
17L: θ=131°, φ=297° | Angle vs. PETAL: 60.6°
18U: θ=49°, φ=279° | Angle vs. PETAL: 73.2°
18L: θ=146.8°, φ=279° | Angle vs. PETAL: 77.9°
28U: θ=33.2°, φ=81° | Angle vs. PETAL: 92.5°
28L: θ=131°, φ=81° | Angle vs. PETAL: 93.4°
29U: θ=49°, φ=63° | Angle vs. PETAL: 79.9°
29L: θ=146.8°, φ=63° | Angle vs. PETAL: 82.7°
PETAL: θ=90°, φ=346.5°

CPP Type A will be available for all quads, CPP Type D for 4 quads, and CPP Type E and F for 3 quads. Smoothing by Spectral Dispersion: 2 GHz modulation active for all shots, 14 GHz activated if required.

IX.2- Target Bay Equipment Four SIDs available in 2019: 1 LMJ SID and 3 PETAL SIDs. Operational SID positions available in 2019-2020 timeframe: • S12, S16, S20, S22, S26 in equatorial plane for the 3 PETAL SIDs • S17 close to polar axis for LMJ SID Available diagnostics in 2019: GXI-1, GXI-2, SHXI, SSXI, UPXI, LPXI, ERHXI, DMX, Mini-DMX, HRXS, SPECTIX, EOS Pack, FABS, NBI, Neutron Pack, SEPAGE, SESAME 1&2.

Section X - Targets

X- Targets

X.1- Assembly and Metrology Process The final target technological design is fixed during the Design Review (12 months before experimental shots). The MOE ensures target design compliance with safety rules, debris assessment, and storage requirements (external global target volume < 40x40x40 mm³). CEA/CESTA Target Laboratory study starts 1 year before shots, requiring target CAD file (.step format) and laser/diagnostic configuration. Validated by PI and MOE between 4 and 8 months before shots; Target Laboratory receives targets 1 to 3 months before first shot. Target Laboratory supplies target positioner interface (alignment fiducials), manufactures sub-assemblies, and carries out angular and dimensional metrology. Redundancy: sufficient for 1 to 6 shots.

X.2- LMJ-PETAL Target Alignment Process Target alignment is based on visualization of four spheres set around the target using SOPAC viewing stations.

Preliminary insertion of target by LMJ target positioner.
Manual approach between target and final location represented by reticles (red circles and cylinder).
Final automatic positioning providing finest alignment accuracy.

Section XI - References

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Section XII - Acknowledgements

XII- Acknowledgements

LMJ is a CEA project funded by the French Ministry of Defense. PETAL is a project of the Aquitaine Region funded by Europe, the French Ministry of Research and the Aquitaine Region. PETAL+ is an Equipex project of the University of Bordeaux funded through the PIA by the ANR (French National Research Agency).

Section XIII - Glossary

XIII- Glossary

ANR: French Agency for National Research APS DPP: Meeting of the Division of Plasma Physics of the American Physical Society BTDP: Transfer Box for Plasma Diagnostic CAD: Computer Assisted Design CEA-DAM: Military Applications Division of CEA CPA: Chirped Pulse Amplification CPP: Continuous Phase Plates DMX: Broad-band X-ray spectrometer ECLIM: European Conference on Laser Interaction with Matter EOS: Equation of State EOS Pack: Diagnostics set for EOS experiments EPS: Conference on Plasma Physics of the European Physical Society ERC: European Research Council ERHXI: Enhanced Resolution Hard X-ray Imager FABS: Full Aperture Backscattering System GOI: Gated Optical Imager GXI-1&2: Gated X-ray Imager HEDLA: Conference on High Energy Density Laboratory Astrophysics HEDP: High Energy Density Physics HRXS: High Resolution X-ray Spectrometer HTPD: Conference on High Temperature Plasma Diagnostics ICF: Inertial Confinement Fusion ICHED: International Conference in High Energy Densities IFSA: Conference on Inertial Fusion Sciences and Applications ILP: Institut Lasers & Plasmas IP: Imaging Plate ISAC-P: International Scientific Advisory Committee of PETAL LEH: Laser Entrance Holes LIL: Laser Integration Line LMJ: Laser Megajoule LOI: Letter of Intent LPI: Laser Plasma Interaction LPXI: Lower Pole X-ray Imager Mini-DMX: Mini Broad-band X-ray spectrometer MOE: CEA Experiment Manager NBI: Near Backscattered Imager NLTE: Non Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium OPA: Optical Parametric Amplification PAM: Pre-Amplifier Module PETAL: Petawatt Aquitaine Laser PETAL+: PETAL diagnostics Project funded by ANR (Equipex Projects) PFM: Pulse Forming Module PI: Principal Investigator PIA: Programme d’Investissement d’Avenir (French National program for promising investment) RCE: CEA Experiment Coordinator RCF: Radio Chromic Film RH: Reference Holder RMS: Root mean square SBO: Shock Break Out SEPAGE: Electrons and protons spectrometer SESAME: Electrons spectrometer SHXI: Streaked Hard X-ray Imager SID: System for Insertion of Diagnostics SOLEIL: French Synchrotron facility located at L’orme des Merisiers, 91190 Saint Aubin SOP: Streaked Optical Pyrometer SOPAC: System for Optical Positioning and Alignment inside Chamber SPECTIX: Hard X-ray spectrometer SSD: Smoothing by Spectral Dispersion SSXI: Streaked Soft X-ray Imager TBD: To be determined TCC: Target chamber center TP: Thomson Parabola TPS: Target Positioning System UPXI: Upper Pole X-ray Imager VISAR: Velocity Interferometer System for Any Reflector

Section XIV - Appendix

XIV- Appendix

GPS coordinates: • CEA-CESTA : 44° 39’ 30’’ N / 0° 48’ 29.8’’ W • LMJ : 44° 38’ 08.8 ‘’ N / 0° 47’ 12’’ W • ILP building : 44° 38’ 13’’ N / 0° 47’ 54.1’’ W

List of hotels close to CEA-CESTA, in Bordeaux and Arcachon:

Close to CEA-CESTA:

Hôtel-Restaurant LE RÉSINIER: 68, av. des Pyrénées – RN10, 33114 LE BARP | Tel: +33 5 56 88 60 07 | Fax: +33 5 56 88 67 37
Domaine du Pont de l’Eyre: 2 route de Minoy, 33770 Salles | Tel: +33 5 56 88 35 00 | Fax: +33 5 56 88 35 99 | [email protected]
B&B MIOS: 6 avenue ZAC 2000, Parc d’activités MIOS Entreprises, 33380 MIOS | Tel: +33 8 92 70 20 70 or +33 5 56 77 33 11 | [email protected]
Hôtel CAMPANILE: A63 – aire de repos de CESTAS | Tel: +33 5 57 97 87 00

Bordeaux:

Hôtel Quality Suites Bordeaux aéroport 4*: 83 avenue JF Kennedy, 33700 MERIGNAC | Tel: +33 5 57 53 21 22 | [email protected]
Hôtel Best Western « Bayonne Etche-Ona » 3*: 15 cours de l’Intendance, 33000 BORDEAUX | Tel: +33 5 56 48 00 88 | Fax: +33 5 56 48 41 60 | [email protected]
Hôtel TENEO gare Saint Jean: 4 cours Barbey, 33800 BORDEAUX | Tel: +33 5 56 33 22 00 | [email protected]

Arcachon:

Hôtel LE DAUPHIN: 7 avenue Gounod, 33120 ARCACHON | Tel: +33 5 56 83 02 89 | Fax: +33 5 56 54 84 90
Hôtel AQUAMARINA: 82 boulevard de la Plage, 33120 ARCACHON | Tel: +33 5 56 83 67 70 | Fax: +33 5 57 52 08 26
Hôtel LES VAGUES: 9 boulevard de l’Océan, 33120 ARCACHON | Tel: +33 5 56 83 03 75 | Fax: +33 5 56 83 77 16
Hôtel Park Inn: 4 rue du Professeur JOLYET, 33120 ARCACHON | Tel: +33 5 56 83 99 91 | Fax: +33 5 56 83 87 92 | [email protected]
Hôtel Quality Suite Arcachon 4*: 960 avenue de l’Europe, 33260 LA TESTE DE BUCH | Tel: +33 5 57 15 22 22 | [email protected]

Section XV - Revision Log and Back Cover

XV- Revision Log

Rev 1.0 (12 Sept 2014): Initial release (Jean-Luc Miquel, Alexis Casner, Emmanuelle Volant)
Rev 1.1 (28 April 2015): Rearrangement of section III (precisions on Selection process, addition of Experimental process). Modification of spot sizes. Addition of Laser performance. Addition of Mini-DMX. (JLM, EV)
Rev 1.2 (6 April 2016): Update. Precisions on Selection process and Experimental process, addition of Calls for proposals. Modification of the operative quads in 2019. Modification of spot sizes. Update of laser performance. Addition of PETAL performance. Update of the 2019 locations of equipment and new Figure VII.5. Rearrangement of section VIII (description of all operative diag.). Update of Table IX.1. Modification of SID locations and available diagnostics. Precisions on assembly /metrology. Addition of alignment process. Update. Update. (JLM, EV)
Rev 1.2b (2 May 2016): Roles of academic community and University of Bordeaux. LOI = preliminary proposal.
Rev 1.3 (24 March 2017): Update. Quads order. Addition of disposable debris shield. Modification of spot sizes, addition of 1/e size. Pulse duration limited at 20 ns. Update of laser performances. Update of PETAL performances. Update of diagnostics performances. Update. (JLM, EV)

All Photos: @CEA

Back Cover Info: Commissariat à l’énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives Direction des applications militaires Centre DAM Île-de-France – Bruyères-le-Châtel - 91297 Arpajon Cedex Etablissement public à caractère industriel et commercial | RCS Paris B 775 685 019