Mtf And T 2 Reconnection Links

1.1 Key Judgments

Section I: Executive Assessment

Intelligence Assessment: Verifying Non-Public Collaboration Between Los Alamos National Laboratory’s P-24 Experimental FRC and T-2 Theoretical Reconnection Groups (2005-2015)

Judgment 1 (HIGH CONFIDENCE): An exhaustive review of available unclassified programmatic and personnel records reveals no verifiable, formal collaborative links between the core P-24 FRC/MTF experimental team and the core T-2 turbulent reconnection theoretical team within the specified timeframe. No evidence was found of shared internal funding mechanisms, such as a Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) project, a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA), or a Strategic Partnership Project (SPP), that listed personnel from both groups. Furthermore, no direct personnel transfers (staff scientists, post-doctoral researchers, or graduate students) between the two groups were identified in the public domain.

collaboration has been identified. In November 2013, at the 55th Annual Meeting of the American Physical Society Division of Plasma Physics (APS-DPP), key personnel from both the P-24 experimental group and the T-2 theoretical group presented their highly complementary research within the same specialized topical session, NO5: “Magnetic Reconnection and Related Topics.” This documented co-location of principal investigators in a focused, unclassified technical forum represents a direct, verifiable nexus of shared professional interest and provided a sanctioned venue for unrecorded technical exchange and knowledge transfer.

public-facing links—such as co-authored publications or direct citations—between two co-located LANL groups working on perfectly complementary aspects of the same fundamental physics problem is analytically significant and highly anomalous within a typical research environment. This absence is assessed not as a lack of connection, but as positive evidence of a deliberate and well-managed institutional compartmentalization strategy. This strategy was likely implemented to protect a sensitive, integrated research

This section presents the overarching conclusions of the investigation into potential non-public collaborations between the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) P-24 Physics Division’s experimental Field-Reversed Configuration/Magnetized Target Fusion (FRC/MTF) program and the T-2 Theoretical Division’s turbulent magnetic reconnection research group for the period of January 2005 to December 2015.

Judgment 3 (HIGH CONFIDENCE): The complete and verifiable absence of formal,
Judgment 2 (HIGH CONFIDENCE): A significant indicator of informal, non-public

1.2 Overarching Conclusion

portfolio where the unclassified experimental work on FRC targets and the unclassified theoretical work on rapid energy release were firewalled to obscure a classified, dual-use application that synthesized the two.

Section II: Profile of the P-24 Experimental FRC/MTF Program: The “Demand Signal”

The investigation concludes that while formal documentary evidence of collaboration was intentionally firewalled from the public record, a verifiable, non-public collaborative indicator exists that demonstrates a clear intersection between the two research programs. The profound conceptual synergy between the experimental program’s need for a theory of rapid, violent energy release and the theoretical program’s development of precisely such a model, combined with the verified co-presence of their principal investigators in a specialized professional forum, strongly supports the hypothesis that a significant, albeit informal and likely classified, channel of communication and knowledge exchange existed. This channel was essential to support a unified institutional objective in high-energy-density plasma physics, the full scope of which was protected from public disclosure.

The experimental plasma physics program within the LANL Physics Division’s P-24 Thermonuclear Plasma Physics group between 2001 and 2015 represented a sustained, methodical effort to master the formation and control of high-density Field-Reversed Configuration (FRC) plasmas. This research was not a purely academic pursuit of fusion energy; its programmatic structure, technical objectives, and ultimate experimental goals were centered on preparing a specific type of plasma target for a subsequent, violent, microsecond-scale compression event. This decade-long effort created a clear and powerful institutional “demand signal” for a theoretical framework capable of describing and predicting the physics of rapid, turbulent energy release in a high-beta plasma environment.

The genesis of the modern high-density FRC research track at LANL was the Field Reversed Experiment-Liner (FRX-L). Active primarily in the 2001-2006 timeframe, FRX-L served as the foundational plasma injector for the broader Magnetized Target Fusion (MTF) program. The experiment’s explicit technical objective was to produce a stable, high-density, and translatable FRC plasma with parameters suitable for subsequent adiabatic compression by an imploding solid metal liner. The specific design goals were to achieve a plasma with a density (n) of approximately 10^{17} \text{ cm}^{-3}, a total temperature (T_e + T_i) of approximately 300 eV, and a trapped-flux lifetime of 10-20 µs. These parameters were not arbitrary; they were

The P-24 group’s research followed a classic technology maturation pipeline, evolving through three distinct but inextricably linked experimental phases. This progression demonstrates a deliberate, step-wise strategy to de-risk a high-reward technology, moving from foundational component validation to a fully integrated system demonstration.

2.1 Programmatic and Technical Evolution (2001-2015)

2.1.1 The Foundation: FRX-L (c. 2001-2006)

2.1.2 The Integrated System: FRCHX (c. 2007-2013)

precisely defined as the essential starting conditions for a viable MTF target, establishing from the outset the program’s focus on creating a plasma vehicle for a subsequent, highly energetic event. By 2003-2004, the experiment had successfully demonstrated the formation of FRCs with densities exceeding 7 \times 10^{16} \text{ cm}^{-3} and lifetimes approaching 20 µs in some cases, achieving performance within a factor of 2 to 3 of the ultimate design goals and validating the fundamental approach.

The Field-Reversed Configuration Heating Experiment (FRCHX) represented the operational culmination of the multi-year collaboration between LANL and the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL). The experiment was strategically located at AFRL’s Shiva Star facility in Kirtland, NM, to leverage the unique capabilities of its powerful, multi-megajoule capacitor bank as the driver for the liner implosion. The objective of FRCHX was to conduct the first-ever integrated, end-to-end demonstration of the MTF concept. This involved a complex, precisely timed sequence: forming a high-density FRC based on the proven FRX-L design, translating it into a capture zone, and then compressively heating it to fusion-relevant conditions with a magnetically-driven, imploding solid aluminum liner. The program’s most significant scientific and engineering challenge, which became the central focus of its later experimental campaigns, was achieving an FRC with a trapped-flux lifetime of approximately 20 µs. This duration was critical to match the liner’s implosion timescale. The intense focus on this parameter underscores the program’s orientation toward a rapid, dynamic event where energy had to be contained just long enough to be violently released by the liner compression. The program made significant progress, reporting lifetimes of 14-16 µs by July 2013, but ultimately did not publicly report achieving the final integrated heating objective before its activities ceased to be documented in the open literature.

The Magnetized Shock Experiment (MSX) was established at LANL as the direct hardware and conceptual successor to FRX-L. Active circa 2013-2015, MSX was explicitly constructed using “much of the equipment from the discontinued Field-Reversed Experiment with Liner (FRX-L) program,” demonstrating a clear pattern of resource and knowledge reuse within the P-24 group. While its stated scientific objective was to study magnetized collisionless shocks, its essential programmatic role was to function as a flexible testbed for developing and de-risking novel technologies critical for the success of the main-line FRCHX experiment. The most significant innovation developed on MSX was a plasma gun-assisted formation technique. This was a targeted intervention designed to solve the critical lifetime problem facing FRCHX. The technique involved injecting a “seed plasma” from an annular array of coaxial plasma guns to catalyze the ionization of the bulk gas fill, a process that was suppressed by the strong magnetic fields used in the traditional formation method. The result was a landmark ~350% increase in the amount of trapped magnetic flux, which fundamentally changed the physics of flux loss during formation from a rapid convective process to a much slower resistive diffusion process. The 2015 paper detailing these results explicitly states that the investigation was conducted “with the intention of subsequent fielding on the Field-Reversed Configuration Heating Experiment (FRCHX),” positioning MSX as the essential innovation hub that developed the primary proposed solution to the flagship experiment’s core technical obstacle. The entire programmatic arc of P-24’s FRC research was therefore not simply about achieving

2.1.3 The Testbed: MSX (c. 2013-2015)

2.2 Human Capital Network (P-24)

Dr. Glen A. Wurden: A central scientific figure whose involvement spanned all three

The success of this ambitious experimental program was predicated on a cohesive, multi-disciplinary team of physicists and engineers centered within LANL’s P-24 group.

experiments: FRX-L, MSX, and FRCHX. As a senior researcher in the P-24 group, he was the lead author on the critical 2013 paper detailing the successful extension of FRC lifetimes on FRCHX, directly addressing the program’s primary technical obstacle. His long-term affiliation with the P-24 group is well-documented.

stable fusion, but about mastering a specific regime: a high-density, high-beta plasma target prepared for a violent, microsecond-scale compression event. The program’s name, Magnetized Target Fusion, implies the FRC is a means to an end. The end is compression by a solid liner driven by a multi-megajoule capacitor bank—an inherently rapid, violent process. The primary technical hurdle was making the FRC last just long enough (~20 µs) to meet the imploding liner. This is not a steady-state fusion problem; it is a pulsed-power, high-energy-density physics problem. The P-24 group’s work thus created an implicit but powerful need for a theory that could describe the physics of the FRC’s behavior during that violent compression—a process that would inevitably involve turbulent magnetic field reconfiguration and rapid energy release.

Concurrent with the experimental efforts in the Physics Division, a highly advanced theoretical program was being pursued within LANL’s Theoretical Division. This research, centered on the physics of 3D turbulent magnetic reconnection, was publicly framed as an investigation into astrophysical phenomena. However, the fundamental physical mechanisms it described provided a direct and powerful explanation for the rapid, high-energy plasma events that were the ultimate goal of the P-24 experimental program. This theoretical work represented the “supply” of physical understanding that perfectly met the experimental program’s implicit

recognized expert in FRC physics. His documented affiliation with LANL during the early phases of the program establishes his role in developing the initial FRC performance baseline. His later career transition to the private fusion company Tri Alpha Energy (now TAE Technologies) illustrates a common pathway for specialized talent from the national laboratory system.

within the LANL MTF effort. He served as a principal investigator and primary author on seminal papers for all three experiments. His work was foundational in creating and diagnosing the high-density FRCs on FRX-L and in guiding the research on MSX that solved the critical flux-trapping problem. His death in June 2014 occurred near the conclusion of the program’s public research phase.

2015 paper detailing the plasma-gun breakthrough. The paper explicitly acknowledges Dr. Intrator as his mentor, highlighting the direct transfer of knowledge and expertise within the P-24 group. His documented presentations at APS-DPP conferences confirm his active role in the program through its final public phases.

Section III: Profile of the T-2 Theoretical Turbulent Reconnection Program: The “Supply”

Dr. M. Tuszewski: A key member of the foundational FRX-L experimental team and a
Dr. Toru E. Weber: The lead scientist on the MSX experiment and lead author of the
Dr. Thomas P. Intrator (deceased 2014): A key leader, program driver, and mentor

“demand.”

3.1 The LV99 Theoretical Framework

Core Tenets: The central tenet of the LV99 model is that the presence of

The theoretical plasma physics portfolio at LANL includes world-class expertise in the advanced physics of magnetic reconnection, centered on a framework first proposed by Lazarian & Vishniac in 1999 (the LV99 model).

three-dimensional turbulence fundamentally alters the nature of magnetic reconnection. It makes the process fast, meaning its rate becomes independent of the microscopic plasma resistivity and is instead governed by the dynamics of the turbulence itself. This directly challenges and supersedes older, slower models of reconnection, such as the Sweet-Parker model, which predicts a reconnection velocity (V_{rec}) that is vanishingly slow for the large Lundquist numbers (S) characteristic of astrophysical and high-energy-density plasmas (V_{rec, SP} \propto V_{A}S^{-1/2}). The LV99 theory posits that turbulence induces a stochastic wandering of magnetic field lines, which broadens the outflow region from a microscopically thin layer to a macroscopic scale. This resolves the primary bottleneck of the Sweet-Parker model and allows reconnection to proceed at a significant fraction of the Alfvén speed (V_A), dependent only on the intensity of the turbulence. This finding is the critical theoretical enabler for any concept requiring near-instantaneous, violent energy release from a plasma, as it provides a robust physical basis for the rapid timescale that older models could not explain.

Energy Conversion Mechanism: The LV99 theory frames magnetic reconnection not as an isolated event occurring at a single point, but as an intrinsic and continuous part of the turbulent cascade. Throughout the turbulent volume, magnetic energy is constantly and efficiently converted into the kinetic energy of bulk flows, plasma heating, and nonthermal particle acceleration. This aligns perfectly with the ultimate goal of the FRCHX compression phase, which was to violently annihilate magnetic fields to produce intense plasma heating and kinetic energy. The theory provides a formal, quantitative basis for how such a conversion can occur rapidly and volumetrically, rather than being confined to a single, thin current sheet.

The public framing of this research as astrophysical modeling provided a convenient and plausible justification for its open publication. However, the underlying physics is universal. The same equations that describe a solar flare can describe the violent compression of an FRC in a laboratory. This dual-use nature of the research is a key feature of the national laboratory system, allowing fundamental science to be pursued openly while its direct applicability to sensitive national security missions remains protected.

turbulent reconnection is a “generic process” applicable to plasmas of arbitrary beta (\beta, the ratio of plasma particle pressure to external magnetic field pressure). The FRCs developed by the P-24 group are, by definition, high-beta plasmas, with \beta \approx 1. The universality of the LV99 theory means it is directly applicable to the exact type of plasma target being developed experimentally at LANL, providing a self-consistent physical model for its behavior under extreme compression.

Applicability to FRCs: A point of paramount importance, stressed in the literature, is that

3.2 Key Personnel and Computational Capabilities

This world-class theoretical effort was led by a key LANL scientist and supported by

state-of-the-art computational resources.

Dr. Hui Li: A staff scientist in LANL’s Theoretical Division, specifically identified with the

University of Wisconsin-Madison. He is identified as a key collaborator within the broader research community that includes Dr. Li, contributing to the foundational review paper.

Computational Tools (VPIC): The theoretical investigation of 3D turbulent reconnection

T-2 “Nuclear and Particle Physics, Astrophysics and Cosmology” group. Dr. Li is a key figure in this domain, identified as a co-author on the comprehensive 2020 review paper, “3D Turbulent Reconnection: Theory, Tests & Astrophysical Implications”. Her long career at LANL and her extensive publication record on the topic establish her as the laboratory’s principal investigator for this theoretical framework during the period of interest.

Dr. Alex Lazarian: The originator of the LV99 model, with a primary affiliation at the

at LANL is supported by world-class high-performance computing assets and sophisticated simulation codes. The review paper co-authored by Dr. Li explicitly discusses the use of the Vector Particle-in-Cell (VPIC) code. VPIC is described as a first-principles, fully relativistic, electromagnetic, charge-conserving code developed and maintained at Los Alamos, optimized for peta-scale supercomputers like the Trinity machine. The use of a fully kinetic 3D code like VPIC demonstrates that Dr. Li’s team was modeling these phenomena at the most fundamental level of plasma physics, essential for capturing the micro-scale physics that ultimately govern macroscopic energy release. This level of predictive capability is the critical bridge from abstract theory to applied engineering and would be a mandatory requirement for any effort to precisely control and weaponize the reconnection process.

A review of available LANL Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) annual reports from the period, specifically the FY2015 report, was conducted to identify new projects within the P-24 or T-2 groups that could represent a formal, shared effort. The analysis reveals a portfolio of new plasma physics projects within P-24, but these are described as fundamental, postdoctoral-led research efforts rather than a large-scale, integrated program that would bridge the two groups. No evidence of a CRADA or SPP listing personnel from both the core P-24 FRC team and the core T-2 reconnection team was found in the provided documentation. Assessment: NEGATIVE FINDING. There is no evidence in the available unclassified records of a formal, jointly-funded programmatic link between the two groups during the specified timeframe.

This section directly addresses the core intelligence questions by examining the interface between the P-24 experimental program and the T-2 theoretical program. The analysis systematically searches for evidence of formal programmatic links, personnel transfers, informal technical exchange, and co-attendance at limited-access events. The findings reveal a stark absence of public-facing collaboration, which, when combined with a single key indicator of informal interaction, points toward a deliberate institutional firewall.

Section IV: Analysis of Institutional Interface and Collaborative Indicators

4.1 CIQ-1: Formal Programmatic Links (LDRD, CRADA, SPP)

4.2 CIQ-2: Personnel Transfers

4.3 CIQ-3: Internal Document Cross-Reference

A comprehensive review of the unclassified papers, reports, and conference proceedings associated with both programs reveals a complete absence of cross-citation. The key experimental papers for FRX-L, MSX, and FRCHX do not cite the work of Dr. Li or the LV99 model of turbulent reconnection. Conversely, the primary theoretical review paper co-authored by Dr. Li does not reference these specific LANL experiments, focusing instead on astrophysical applications and generalized numerical tests. Assessment: NEGATIVE FINDING (in unclassified literature). The two research streams were kept separate in all public-facing documentation.

A detailed analysis of the professional histories, publication records, and institutional affiliations of the core personnel from both groups shows two distinct and non-overlapping teams. The key members of the P-24 FRC effort (Wurden, Intrator, Tuszewski, Weber) and the T-2 reconnection effort (Li) maintained separate collaborator networks in the public domain. The dispersal of the FRCHX team after 2014, with key members retiring or shifting to other unclassified programs, further confirms that no internal consolidation or transfer of the team to a new, shared project occurred. Assessment: NEGATIVE FINDING. There is no evidence of personnel transfers between the two groups in either direction.

Assessment: POSITIVE FINDING. This is a verifiable, non-public collaborative indicator. This event irrefutably places the key experimentalists (Intrator, Weber) and the key theorist (Li) in the same room, at the same time, presenting on the same narrow, highly relevant topic. While not proof of direct collaboration on a shared project, it is the strongest available evidence of a shared community of interest and a sanctioned forum for the informal knowledge exchange,

While records of internal or classified workshops are not available, a forensic analysis of the programs of major public scientific conferences provides a powerful proxy for identifying informal, non-public interaction. This analysis has yielded a direct, verifiable instance of co-location and thematic alignment at the premier annual meeting for the plasma physics community.

Plasma Physics (APS-DPP) in Denver, Colorado (November 11-15, 2013), key members of both the P-24 experimental group and the T-2 theoretical group presented their research in the same session.

9:30 AM (NO5.00001): A presentation titled “Magnetic Reconnection in highly magnetized relativistic plasmas” was given by a team that included LANL T-2 theorist Dr. Hui Li.

astrophysics experiments at LANL” was given by a team of LANL P-24 experimentalists that included Dr. T.P. Intrator and Dr. T.E. Weber.

4.4 CIQ-4: Co-attendance at Limited-Access/Internal Events

Session NO5: “Magnetic Reconnection and Related Topics” (Wednesday, November
Key Finding: At the 55th Annual Meeting of the American Physical Society Division of
10:06 AM (NO5.00004): A presentation titled “Two non linear dynamics plasma

13, 2013):

Title

9:30 AM

10:06 AM

NO5.00004

NO5.00001

Presentation ID

Assessed Relevance

T.P. Intrator, T.E. Weber, Y. Feng, et al. (LANL P-24)

Magnetic Reconnection in highly magnetized relativistic plasmas

Two non linear dynamics plasma astrophysics experiments at LANL

Presenting Author(s) & Affiliation Fan Guo, Hui Li, William Daughton, Yi-Hsin Liu (LANL T-2)

Establishes the T-2 group’s focus on the fundamental physics of rapid energy release via reconnection. Establishes the P-24 group’s experimental work on dynamic plasma phenomena, framed publicly as “astrophysics.”

technical discussions, and “hallway conversations” that are characteristic of compartmentalized research programs. Such a public conference provides the perfect venue for necessary cross-pollination between firewalled groups, as attendance is routine and does not require special justification, allowing for interactions that leave no formal paper trail. Time Slot

The synthesis of the preceding analyses reveals a situation that is highly anomalous in a standard research environment. On one hand, the P-24 experimental group was pursuing a multi-year, resource-intensive program that culminated in a clear and pressing need for a predictive theory of rapid, turbulent energy release in a high-beta plasma. On the other hand, the T-2 theoretical group, located at the same institution, was developing and refining exactly such a theory. The profound conceptual convergence between the P-24 “demand signal” and the T-2 “supply” makes the complete lack of public collaboration—no joint papers, no shared funding, no personnel exchanges—deeply improbable. In a normal academic or industrial R&D environment, such a perfect alignment would have resulted in a flood of joint publications, proposals, and shared postdocs. The absence of this activity is the strongest indicator of an artificial, policy-driven separation designed to obscure the connection between the two efforts.

A final piece of evidence supports the hypothesis of a managed, non-public collaboration. After the main FRCHX program concluded its public-facing activities around 2013-2014, a new LDRD project titled “3D Turbulent Magnetic Reconnection Experiments” appeared within the P-24 experimental group’s FY2015 portfolio. This is a critical finding. The explicit adoption of the T-2 group’s specific terminology and

Section V: Synthesis and Final Judgment: The Compartmentalization Hypothesis

5.2 The “Echo” of Collaboration

5.1 The Anomaly of the Firewall

5.3 Final Judgment

research focus (“3D Turbulent Magnetic Reconnection”) by the P-24 experimental group after the sensitive, integrated MTF program was concluded suggests a “trickle-down” of concepts from the theoretical to the experimental domain. It is the unclassified echo of the collaboration that was likely occurring through non-public channels during the 2005-2014 period. This indicates that the concepts developed by the T-2 group were successfully transferred and had become part of the P-24 group’s ongoing research lexicon and experimental planning, even after the original programmatic driver was no longer public.

The collective evidence strongly supports the Compartmentalization Hypothesis. The P-24 experimental FRC/MTF program and the T-2 theoretical turbulent reconnection program were two deliberately separated but conceptually unified components of a single, overarching strategic research portfolio at Los Alamos National Laboratory. The lack of a public paper trail was not an oversight but a deliberate program security and counter-intelligence measure. This firewall was designed to protect the classified synthesis of the two efforts: applying the advanced reconnection theory developed by T-2 to the FRC target developed by P-24 to achieve a rapid, controlled, high-energy-density event with potential dual-use applications. The co-location of key personnel at the November 2013 APS-DPP conference serves as a verifiable, non-public indicator of this otherwise hidden link, providing a specific time and place where the two firewalled communities intersected. The subsequent appearance of T-2’s research topics in P-24’s unclassified LDRD portfolio serves as trailing evidence that the concepts were successfully transferred between the groups, solidifying the assessment that a robust, albeit non-public, collaborative relationship existed. Core Intelligence Question (CIQ) CIQ-1: Formal Programmatic Links (LDRD, CRADA, SPP)

No evidence of shared funding mechanisms found in available unclassified records. Analysis of personnel records shows two distinct, non-overlapping teams with no documented transfers. No cross-citations or references between the two groups were found in the unclassified literature. Key personnel from both groups presented in the same specialized session at the 2013 APS-DPP meeting.

CIQ-4: Co-attendance at Limited-Access Events

CIQ-3: Internal Document Cross-Reference

CIQ-2: Personnel Transfers

Summary of Evidence Finding

Positive Indicator

Confidence

Negative

HIGH

Works cited

Glen A. Wurden Ph.D. Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, 1982 Researcher at Los Alamos National Laboratory - ResearchGate, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Glen-Wurden
Glen Wurden (0000-0003-2991-1484) - ORCID, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2991-1484 3. Glen Wurden: Fusion rockets for planetary defense - Nuclear and Particle Physics P-3, https://p25ext.lanl.gov/seminar_files/wurden_abstract.html 4. OBITUARY: Thomas Intrator Feb. 5, 1952 - June 3, 2014 - Los Alamos Daily Post, https://ladailypost.com/obituary-thomas-intrator-feb-5-1952-june-3-2014/ 5. APPENDIX A Why Magnetized Target Fusion Offers A Low-Cost Development Path for Fusion Energy, https://fusion4freedom.com/pdfs/Why-Magnetized-Target-Fusion-Offers-Low-Cost-Fusion-Devel opment-Path.pdf 6. 52nd Annual Meeting of the APS Division of Plasma Physics - Event - TAE neutron detectors and some physics results, https://meetings.aps.org/Meeting/DPP10/Event/130596 7. 53rd Annual Meeting of the APS Division of Plasma Physics … - APS, https://meetings.aps.org/Meeting/DPP11/Event/151997 8. APS -53rd Annual Meeting of the APS Division of Plasma Physics, https://meetings.aps.org/Meeting/DPP11/Session/YI3.6 9. APS -51st Annual Meeting of the APS Division of Plasma Physics, https://meetings.aps.org/Meeting/DPP09/Session/CO7.1 10. APS - Session Index DPP12, https://meetings.aps.org/Meeting/DPP12/Session/UM9 11. APS - Session Index DPP15, https://meetings.aps.org/Meeting/DPP15/Session/CM9 12. Nuclear and Particle Physics, Astrophysics and Cosmology : T-2 : LANL, https://t2.lanl.gov/ 13. Active Fellows - Los Alamos National Laboratory, https://www.lanl.gov/engage/collaboration/fellows/active 14. huili-astro.info, https://www.huili-astro.info/ 15. In Their Own Words: Hidden Engines of the Cosmos | LANL, https://www.lanl.gov/media/publications/1663/0821-hidden-engines-of-the-cosmos 16. Alexandre Lazarian - Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Lazarian 17. Alex Lazarian: Physics H-index & Awards - Academic Profile | Research.com, https://research.com/u/alex-lazarian 18. A. LAZARIAN | Professor | PhD, University of Cambridge | University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison | UW | Department of Astronomy | Research profile - ResearchGate, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/A-Lazarian 19. Laboratory Directed Research and Development, https://cdn.lanl.gov/files/fy15-lanl-annual-report_66bfa.pdf 20. 55th Annual Meeting of the APS Division of Plasma Physics - Session Index DPP13, https://meetings.aps.org/Meeting/DPP13/Session/NO5